Баскак, даруга, шихне: к проблеме соотношения должностей. Ч. 1: Институт шихне и его эволюция

Золотоордынское обозрение. 2025. Т. 13. № 3. С. 523–542.

Мустакимов И. А., Абзалов Л. Ф., Гатин М. С., Pochekaev R. Y.

Research objectives: To characterize the legal status of a basqaq, daruga and shihne in the Turkic-Mongol states during the epoch of the Mongol Empire and its uluses, as well as to prove of the authentication of these offices. Authors intend to clarify the basic rights and obligations of these officers and their position in the administrative structure on a base of legal monuments, official acts, chronicles, and historical works. The first part of the article is an analysis of shihne institution. Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are historical sources including decrees of rulers, historical chronicles and political treatises as well as results of previous researches. Authors use structure functional analysis historical legal method, comparative historical and comparative legal approach, institutional analysis, critical analysis of sources and researches. Scientific novelty: It is the first attempt at research of problem of correlation of the terms “basqaq” and “daruga” and as well as their Persian analogue “shihne” on a base of legal acts on the appointment for these office. Also, it is the first Russian translation of three yarlyks on the appointment of shihne from the “Dastur al-katib fi ta‘yin al-maratib” by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, which are studied using an interdisciplinary ap proach. Results of the research: The authors find that shihne was a special officer who represented the interests of the ruler (sultan, khan, ilkhan) in the certain region. His functions included providing stability for the region while ensuring the loyalty of its population using different ways including forced and procedural methods. This office could function at the different levels of administrations – from the region (vilayet, ulus) to smaller settlements. The se cond, forthcoming part of the article will be devoted to the comparative analysis of the status of shihne with that of basqaq and daruga and the evolution of these offices in the Turkic-Mongol states.

Keywords: Золотая Орда, тюрко-монгольские государства, Golden Horde, ханские ярлыки, Монгольская империя, Mongol Empire, империя Юань, daruga, даруга, баскак, Mongol Iran, монгольский Иран, Yuan Empire, Turkic-Mongol states, khans’ yarliks, baskaq, shihne, imperial administration, шихне, имперская администрация