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Семейные паттерны (не)занятости
The paper studies the evolution of individual- and household-based non-employment rates in Russia using data from the RLMS HSE for 1994–2016. Following [Gregg and Wadsworth, 2008], I estimate disparities between individual- and household-level measures and compare actual household workless rates with counterfactuals based on a random distribution of work. I find that the Russian labor market is characterized by a low, albeit growing, rate of household joblessness: about 6% of the working-age population live in households where no other adults work. Inequality in the distribution of work is also low and declining. Generally, work is distributed equally among households and in some years more (!) equally than if it were distributed randomly. Equality is achieved primarily due to very high employment rates among two-adult households. Conditioning on characteristics, we distinguish several types of households that face “excessive” non-employment, i.e. for these types of households actual non-employment rate is higher than the counterfactual prediction based on their socio-demographic characteristics. These are households without university graduates, couples without children in which one of the spouses is above official retirement age, working-age couples living with adult children, and working-age single adults without children. The paper assesses various underlying driving factors for the dynamics of household nonemployment. The decomposition results reveal that there are a number of factors at play. Demographic shifts – reduction of average household size and expanding share of single-adult households – were identified as the main driver of growing household joblessness. Labour market factors – changes in individual employment rates, especially deterioration of permanent jobs – also exerted a sizable effect. These trends were partly offset by improvements in the distribution of work among households.
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