Book chapter
ПРОБЛЕМА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРЕВЕРБОВ КАК ГРАММАТИЧЕКОГО КЛАССА В ТЕГИНСКОМ ГОВОРЕ ХАНТЫЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
The present study is devoted to the category of preverbs in the Tegi dialect of Khanty. While there are no descriptions of this category in reference grammars of the language, in dictionaries such lexemes are marked as “verbal particles”. Even though they form regular combinations with verbs there is hardly any considerable difference between preverbs and adverbs. Therefore the aim of this work was to prove that the lexemes under study form a separate category of preverbs.
In book
Progressive periphrases in German are analyzed in a quantitative and qualitative way. The subject of the analysis is progressive constructions in the XVII–XIX centuries. It is stated that the process of their formation was not homogeneous, as there were two forms of progressive periphrases during the IX–XV centuries that were existing concurrently and were interchanging. It is determined that in any period the most frequent periphrases are im-construction and am-construction, moreover, the frequency of the latter is increasing. It is confi rmed that the process of grammaticalization mostly referred to contraction of locative prepositions and defi nite articles, which lost their lexical meaning in the development of progressive periphrases.
This book is a collection of articles dealing with various aspects of grammatical relations and argument structure in the languages of Europe and North and Central Asia (LENCA). Topics covered with respect to individual languages are: split-intransitivity (Basque), causativization (Agul), transitives and causatives (Korean and Japanese), aspectual domain and quantification (Finnish and Udmurt), head-marking principles (Athabaskan languages), and pragmatics (Eastern Khanty and Xibe). Typology of argument-structure properties of ‘give’ (LENCA), typology of agreement systems, asymmetry in argument structure, typology of the Amdo Sprachbund, spatial realtors (Northeastern Turkic), core argument patterns (languages of Northern California), and typology of grammatical relations (LENCA) are the topics of articles based on cross-linguistic data. The broad empirical sweep and the fine-tuned theoretical analysis highlight the central role of argument structure and grammatical relations with respect to a plethora of linguistic phenomena.
This paper is an overview of the so-called second genitive in Russian, a nominal form available for a minority of Russian nouns but widely used with these nouns in certain contexts. In many ways, the second genitive is a secondary case. Thus, it may always be substituted with a regular genitive form, while the opposite is not true. A major subset of the contexts where the second genitive may be used fits into what is known as a functional category of partitive, so this form is sometimes called Russian partitive. To a certain extent, indeed, the second genitive is the form with which the regular genitive may be substituted in partitive contexts. The analysis of the distribution of the second genitive shows, however, that the partitive meaning is not the only function of this form. Not less if not more widespread are uses in combinations with prepositions. These and other types of contexts should be taken into account to build a comprehensive picture of the category distribution and functional load.
Semantic roles have continued to intrigue the linguists for more than four decades now, starting with determining their kind and number, with their morphological expression, and with their interaction with argument structure and syntax. The focus in this volume is on typological and historical issues. The papers focus on the cross-linguistic identification of semantic-role equivalents, on the regularity of, and exceptions concerning change and grammaticalization in semantic roles, the variation in encoding the roles of direction and experiencer in specific languages, presenting evidence for identifying a new semantic role of speech addressee in Caucasian languages, on semantic roles in word formation, and finally a cross-linguistic comparison of the functions and the grammaticalization of the ethical dative in some Indo-European languages. The book will be of interest to anyone involved with case and semantic roles, with the syntax semantic interface, and with semantic change an grammaticalization.
The form whose main function is to express indirect commands, called the third person Imperative, Jussive or Exhortative, when compared to the prototypical (second person) Imperative, shows semantic and formal similarities and distinctions at the same time. The study describes formal and functional patterns of Jussive and places this category within the typology of the related categories, such as Imperative and Optative, based on data from six East Caucasian languages (Archi, Agul, Akhvakh, Chechen, Icari and Kumyk). Five formal patterns of Jussive are attested in these languages, including a specialized form, constructions derived from want, from tell him to do and from make him do and the Optative. Jussive forms may express such meanings as third person command, indirect causation, permission, indifference towards the accomplishment of an action and an assumption. While the Jussive is crucially different from the second person Imperative in that it introduces a third participant, this article shows that it is the addressee, not a third person, who is the central participant of a Jussive situation from both formal and functional points of view.
The paper presents the results of studying the problem of the classification of parts of speech in the Arabic literary language in the writings of Arab researchers. Study of principles of allocation of parts of speech in Arabic grammatical tradition is part of the complex research of principles of definition of grammar classes in Arabic; the relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of typological analysis of the criteria for the classification of parts of speech in the languages of different structure and peculiarity of the language situation in the Arab countries, characterized by diglossia of monogenetic idioms of different types - literary language synthetic system and spoken dialect systems with strongly-marked analytism. The study material is essential to the theory of linguistic doctrines currently insufficiently equipped with provisions and conclusions of the Arabic national grammatical tradition; furthermore, standardization of definitions of part-of-speech criteria in the Arabic literary language is becoming increasingly actual being a necessary element for the unification of part-of-speech (POS) tagging for computer analysis of the Arabic corpus studies.
Comparative analysis of the basis and criteria for allocation of parts of speech in Russian and Arabic is an effective methodological technique of realization of the program of the discipline "Basic course of Arabic language" for Russian-speaking audience.