Book
Даргинские основы
This book (1428 pp.) includes the reconstruction of the phonetic system of Proto-Darginian Languages, main aspects of Darginian morpho-phonology, etymological vocabularies of Proto-Darginian nominal and verbal stems. The reconstruction was based on 7 main Darginian languages. There are more than 3100 reconstructed entries in this book. The book's provided with indexes of meanings, of 7 Dargignan languages and outer etymological correspondeces.
The author analyses the system of untrivial Turkic causatives represented in 12 modern languages. He proposes to interpretate the modern multiplity of the causative systems as a development from the Proto‑Turkic situation based on a distribution of two types of verbal stems and the phonetic structure of the stem endings.
Background: Five-year-olds with specific language impairment (SLI) often struggle with mastering grammatical morphemes. It has been proposed that verbal morphology is particularly problematic in this respect. Previous research has also shown that in young typically developing children grammatical markers appear later in more phonologically challenging contexts.
Aims: The main aim was to explore whether grammatical deficits in children with SLI are morphosyntactic in nature, or whether phonological factors also explain some of the variability in morpheme production. The analysis considered the effects of the same phonological factors on the production of three different morphemes: two verbal (past tense -ed; third-person singular -s) and one nominal morpheme (possessive -s).
Methods & Procedures: The participants were 30 children with SLI (21 boys) aged 4;6–5;11 years (mean = 5;1). The data were collected during grammar test sessions, which consisted of question/answer elicitations of target forms involving picture props. A total of 2301 items were analysed using binary logistic regression; the predictors included: (1) utterance position of the target word, (2) phonological complexity of its coda, (3) voicing of the final stem consonant, (4) syllabicity (allomorph type) and (5) participant accounting for the individual differences in the responses.
Outcomes & Results: The results showed a robust effect of syllabicity on the correct morpheme production. Specifically, syllabic allomorphs (e.g., She dresses) were significantly more challenging than the segmental ones (e.g., He runs) for all three morphemes. The effects of other factors were observed only for a single morpheme: coda complexity and voicing helped explain variability in past tense production, and utterance position significantly affected children’s performance with the possessive. The participant factor also had a significant effect, indicating high within-group variability - often observed in SLI population.
Conclusions & Implications: The systematic effect of syllabicity across both verbal and nominal morphemes suggests morphophonological influences in the grammatical development of children with SLI that cannot be fully explained by syntactic deficits. Poorer performance in producing syllabic allomorphs can be accounted for by much lower overall frequency of these forms, and by the ‘tongue-twisting’ effect of producing similar segments in succession, as in added [ædəd], washes [wɒʃəz]. Interestingly, the greater acoustic salience of the syllabic allomorphs (an extra syllable) does not enhance children’s abilities to produce them. These findings suggest that the interconnections between different levels of language have a stronger effect on the grammatical development of children with SLI than might be expected. Allomorphy should, therefore, be taken into account when designing language assessments and speech therapy, ensuring that children receive sufficient practice with the entire set of allomorphic variants.
A detailed analysis of the information reported on dialects of the Karachai-Balkar language by various specialists does not permit to hear their reasons against the including of Karachai-Balkar in the West Kypchak group.
This book (1323 pp.) includes etymological dictionaries of the Proto-Eskimo language (about 1800 entries), separate Proto-Yupik stems (about 850 entries), separate Proto-Inupik stems (about 400 entries). It also includes Proto-Altaic etymologies (1200 entries) and correspondenes with archaic Paleo-Siberian laguages. The author presents the Proto-Eskimo reconstruction of phonemes, regular correspondences with Proto-Altaic phonetic system. Thie book completes a wide spectrum of indexes - the indexes of meanings, eskimo reconstructions, outer parralels from Altaic and Paleo-Siberian languages.