Book
Проблема эквивалентности программ: модели, алгоритмы, сложность
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Haifa Verification Conference, HVC 2017, held in Haifa, Israel in November 2017. The 13 revised full papers presented together with 4 poster and 5 tool demo papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. They are dedicated to advance the state of the art and state of the practice in verification and testing and are discussing future directions of testing and verification for hardware, software, and complex hybrid systems.
We present an efficient equivalence-checking algorithm for a propositional model of programs with semantics based on (what we call) progressive monoids on the finite set of statements generated by relations of a specific form. We consider arbitrary set of relations for commutativity (relations of the form ab=ba for statements a, b) and left absorption (relations of the form ab=b for statements a, b) properties. The main results are a polynomial-time decidability for the equivalence problem in the considered case, and an explicit description of an equivalence-checking algorithm which terminates in time polynomial in size of programs.
Finite state transducers over semigroups can be regarded as a formal model of sequential reactive programs. In this paper we introduce a uniform tech- nique for checking e ectively functionality, k-valuedness, equivalence and inclusion for this model of computation in the case when a semigroup these transducers op- erate over is embeddable in a decidable group.
Finite state transducers extend the finite state automata to model functions on strings or lists. They may be used also as simple models of sequential reactive programs. These programs operate in the interaction with the environment permanently receiving data (requests) from it. At receiving a piece of data such program performs a sequence of actions. When certain control points are achieved a program outputs the current results of computation as a response. It is significant that different sequences of actions may yield the same result. Therefore, the basic actions of a program may be viewed as generating elements of some appropriate semigroup, and the result of computation may be regarded as the composition of actions performed by the program. This paper offers an alternative technique for the analysis of finite state transducers over semigroups. To check the equivalence of two initial transducers we associate with them a Labeled Transition Systems (LTS). Each path in this LTS represents all possible runs of the initial transducers on the same input word. Every node of the LTS keeps track of the states of the initial transducers achieved at reading some input word and the deficiency of the output words computed so far. If both transducers reach their final states and the deficiency of their outputs is nonzero then this indicates that the initial transducers produce different images for the same word, and, hence, they are not equivalent. The nodes of the LTS that capture this effect are called rejecting nodes. Thus, the equivalence checking of the initial transducers is reduced to checking the reachability of rejecting nodes in the LTS. We show that one needs to analyze only a bounded fragment of the LTS to certify (un)reachability of rejecting nodes. The size of this fragment is polynomial of the size of the initial transducers if both transducers are deterministic, and single-exponential if they are k-bounded. The same approach is applicable for checking k-valuedness of transducers over semigroups.
A model for organizing cargo transportation between two node stations connected by a railway line which contains a certain number of intermediate stations is considered. The movement of cargo is in one direction. Such a situation may occur, for example, if one of the node stations is located in a region which produce raw material for manufacturing industry located in another region, and there is another node station. The organization of freight traffic is performed by means of a number of technologies. These technologies determine the rules for taking on cargo at the initial node station, the rules of interaction between neighboring stations, as well as the rule of distribution of cargo to the final node stations. The process of cargo transportation is followed by the set rule of control. For such a model, one must determine possible modes of cargo transportation and describe their properties. This model is described by a finite-dimensional system of differential equations with nonlocal linear restrictions. The class of the solution satisfying nonlocal linear restrictions is extremely narrow. It results in the need for the “correct” extension of solutions of a system of differential equations to a class of quasi-solutions having the distinctive feature of gaps in a countable number of points. It was possible numerically using the Runge–Kutta method of the fourth order to build these quasi-solutions and determine their rate of growth. Let us note that in the technical plan the main complexity consisted in obtaining quasi-solutions satisfying the nonlocal linear restrictions. Furthermore, we investigated the dependence of quasi-solutions and, in particular, sizes of gaps (jumps) of solutions on a number of parameters of the model characterizing a rule of control, technologies for transportation of cargo and intensity of giving of cargo on a node station.