Принцип предсказывающего кодирования в современных когнитивных исследованиях

Вопросы психологии. 2021. Т. 67. № 3. С. 3–23.

Falikman M.

The review addresses the main directions of anticipation research in the contemporary
cognitive psychology and some related areas of application of the predictive coding principle as a
new general principle of human cognitive system and the brain functioning. The introduction of this
principle to human information processing models raised a new wave of interest towards the
feedback processing in cognitive research, the hierarchical structure and top-down control of human
perception. The review discusses the history of the concept of anticipation in the psychology of
cognition and a brief history of the principle of predictive coding in cognitive research, introduces
key concepts for predictive coding models, such as ‘prediction error’ and ‘precision’ (inverse
variance). The article outlines the theoretical framework proposed by the British neuroscientist Karl
Friston, in which the prediction error minimization is considered as a manifestation of self-
organization of the system and entropy reduction. This theoretical framework is compared to the
ideas of Nikolai Bernstein’s biocybernetics and his "reflectory ring" model of movement
construction based on anticipation of the movement parameters and feedback on the implementation
of movement under given conditions. In the light of the predictive coding empirical research results
from 2013-2020, possible mechanisms of perception, attention, learning, emotions, social cognition
and mental disorders (in particular, autism spectrum disorders and productive symptoms of
schizophrenia) are discussed. Also, we analyze opportunities of mutual enrichment between
predictive coding models and Russian constructivist approaches (first of all, N.A. Bernstein’s physiology of activity and A.N. Leontiev’s psychological theory of activity), based on anticipation as a mechanism of cognition. 

Keywords: внимание, attention, anticipation, visual perception, зрительное восприятие, prediction error, построение движения, movement construction, predictive coding, предсказывающее кодирование, предвосхищение, ошибка предсказания