Article
Промышленность в пространстве доиндустриального Череповца, 1880 - 1940-е гг.
The article presents the results of research carried out under the grant 14-03-00617 RHSF "Regional identity in terms of socio-economic changes (for example, the Nizhny Novgorod Region, 2002 - 2014 years)."
This book provides a unique and timely analysis of the role of structural change in the economic development of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) with a consideration for the role of industry, and in particular manufacturing. The emergence of BRICS reflects an ongoing change in the international economic order. BRICS now account for very substantial part of global GDP, global manufactured value added and global manufactured exports. The book examines their economic experiences and structural change in BRICS over the past three decades, identifying both differences and commonalities, and deriving lessons for other industrializing countries. Section I contains comparative studies focusing on the commonalities and differences of the experiences of BRICS. Section II includes six country studies providing a more detailed analysis of the long-run experiences of each of the countries. Section III consists of a set of seven thematic studies focusing on specific topics such as global value chains, the role of transnational corporations in the food chain, the role of foreign versus domestic investment, the role of domestic versus foreign demand in economic growth the diffusion of environmental energy technology and the similarities, and the differences in industrial policies pursued in the five countries. The book contains a summary chapter that provides an integrated perspective of the various contributions from the point of view of poverty reduction and development. It asks, whether the patterns of structural change and industrial development that BRICS experienced, had an impact on poverty outcomes, and if so, what where the channels and the consequences?
The article shows that in the USSR the incidence of venereal diseases was due to social and economic conditions of the "world of capitalism", including financial insecurity that caused women to prostitution, alcoholism and corrupting influence of erotic literature, art and cinema.Venereal diseases, as an inevitable companion of the "capitalist lifestyle", have gained not only social, but also openly expressed class character. Utilitarian-class approach to this area has kept almost the entire period of Soviet power, and in the 1990s founded a management principle to deal with the investigation (distribution of disposable syringes and personal contraception), and not the cause of the phenomenon was transferred into the practice of AIDS prevention.
The street political protests which recently have become characteristic feature of political process in modern Russia, obtain support and development not only in the capital, but also in the province. The author of this article tries to give the characteristic to a political protest in a Russian province, thus, noting its similarity/distinctions with the same protests in the capital. The author focuses on the provincial features of a street protest and finds reflection in its structures and forms. The provincial protest has many exclusively peculiar features, thus, after all incorporates itself much from the political taste and style features of protests in Moscow/capital. This circumstance in many respects predetermines prospects of institutionalization of street protests in Russian provinces.
The materials on the subject “Immigration in France” are prepared on the basis of the website www.histoire-immigration.fr. They help students of non-linguistic higher educational establishments to form the idea of the major stages of French immigration and study in detail the related lexis.
The given materials are aimed to draw students’ attention to the principal problems in the French society, to develop tolerance to migrants, forced migrants and refugees.
This work deals with key aspects of the Stalin’s policy in relation to the village in the Ural in the 1930s. Based on a large documentary material, the author examines in detail both social and property status of the ‘dekulakized peasants’ of the Ural, which, by 1932, had become the largest area of labor settlements. Special attention is paid to the methodological issues of the study, in particular, to the justification of the representativeness concerning the selection of households prepared, its further evolution in the course of the work, as well as laying special emphasis on the multidimensional typology of the social portrait of the ‘dekulakized’ peasants.
Three e-prosopographical databases were created – ‘Dekulakized’ peasants of the Southern Ural (1930-1934)’ based on 34 parameters for 1461 ‘dekulakized’ families; ‘Labor settlers in the Southern Ural (1930-1934)’ based on 20 parameters for 1200 families of the labor settlers; and ‘Dekulakized’ peasants of the Orenburg region (1930-1934)’ based on 34 parameters for 210 families of the ‘dekulakized’ peasants. Databases in question have become a tool for analysis of the generalized characteristics of the ‘dekulakized’ households and the subsequent reconstruction of the social portrait of the ‘dekulakized’ peasants of the Southern Ural and the Orenburg region.
Causes and reasons for ‘dekulakization’ were analyzed. Thus, according to the documents, the policy of the country administration had been reciprocated neither by peasants, who could not understand why they were taken the last piece of bread at hungry times and denied the opportunity to raise the economy of the households, nor by the local leaders, who had periodically ‘perverted’ the party line, which turned out to be not so direct as it was seen from the Center.
As in the whole throughout the country, in the Southern Ural, the ‘dekulakization’ campaign, reinforced by the famine of 1932-1933, has affected not only the rich peasant families (they obviously would not be enough to perform ‘the control figures’), but wealthy medium peasant households, as well, that, on the one hand, has neutralized property differentiation of the peasantry, preparing the appropriate soil for the functioning of the collective farms, and on the other hand, has significantly slowed down the rate of growth of the agricultural production, destroying entrepreneurial initiative, which became stronger during the NEP, and significantly shaking the trust of the peasants to the country administration.
For eight decades of the study of various aspects of the history of the Soviet ‘dekulakization’, an extensive and diverse literature was developed, hundreds of studies were written, among which the works of the following authors are of particular note: V. P. Danilov, N. A. Ivnitskiy, Y.A. Moshkov, N.L. Rogalina, T.I. Slavko, N.Y. Gushchin, V.V. Kondrashin, etc. So much academic interest in the topic can be explained very simply: by 1926, 73% of the USSR population was presented by peasants, and the policy, pursued by the government, could not have been affected such huge population in the most devastating way, especially given the traditionally strong relationship between peasant families.
Historiography of the ‘dekulakization’ issue at the present stage is concentrated towards the revision of the estimates based on multiple vectors, including both identification of social groups and layers, on which repressions were directed, and personification of ‘dekulakization’ in the fate of certain families.
In the present work, we focused on social and economic aspects of collectivization and ‘dekulakization’ of the peasantry of the Ural, as well as reconstruction of the social portrait of the ‘dekulakized’ peasants of the Southern Ural and the Orenburg region.
The book is designed both for specialists in economic and social history of the USSR, and a wide readership interested in the Stalin’s collectivization and ‘dekulakization’ in the 1930s.
The collection consists of articles, presented during two colloquia organized by the RAS Institute of russian history. The first one named “Historical geography in modern humanities” was hold in the fall of 2009, and another — “Geographical surroundings as a factor of urban development: modes of impact, forms to manifestate, ways to study” — in spring of 2010.