Article
Estimating the Effect of Higher Education on an Employee’s Wage
This paper proposes a new method for estimating the effect of education on an employee’s wage:
with the help of the generalized Heckman model with switching. Application of this method makes it possible
to avoid the selection bias due to the endogenous accounting for nonrandom consideration of individuals
both as employed and having higher education. This model makes it possible to estimate whether it is worth-
while for an individual to get a higher education in terms of changes in their expected income. Analysis of the
distribution of the effect of the education level on wages among employees makes it possible to evaluate the
efficiency of the higher education system in providing the population with skills and competencies that are
significant in the labor market.
Estimating mincer-type wage equations on the micro-data of Occupational Wages Survey, 2007 we first receive estimates for returns to higher education for all regions-subjects of Russian Federation. Our results show that interregional differentces in returns are very large in Russia. Returns to higher education received from the estimation of basic mincerian equation lie in the range from 32 to 140% (from the average wage of workers with secondary education), and the country level of return equals to 65%. Variation in estimates based on an augmented wage equation (which additionally includes industries and ownership) is much lower, but it still remains quite substantial: estimates differ from about 60 to 150%, and the country level of return equals to 90%. In this regard, the standard approach producing one estimate of return to education for the whole country seems to be a serious simplification, and an answer to the question what is the level of return to education in Russia is no more trivial.
отдача от образования, РЕГИОНЫ, РОССИЯ, Return to Education, Regions, Russia
The paper presents the structural model of decision-making process on the residential mortgage market. We empirically estimates key drivers of mortgage borrowing, underwriting, and default process by jointly using market-level monthly data and loan-level data from regional branch of Agency of Home Mortgage Lending (AHML). The multistep estimation procedure allows correcting for sample selection bias and endogeneity and provides consistent parameter estimates. Obtained results shows that risk preferences are changing during the time and AHML borrowers are relatively high risky.
Most of existing scoring systems are based on binary choice models with sample selection. This setting does not allow for up-to-date information about loans to be used and a lot of observations becomes lost. In the paper a model of binary choice with sample selection is extended to the case of many periods. This extension allows for defaults to be modeled for each period that solves the problem of lost observations. This setting also can be used to estimate the effectiveness of existing scoring system of a bank. The model is estimated using data granted by one of commercial banks of Nizhny Novgorod. Sample consists of observations from January 2009 to March 2012.
This conference proceeding includes selected full papers from the 11th EBES Conference – Ekaterinburg. We have accepted papers among resubmitted full papers after the conference ended. In this proceeding you will find a snapshot of topics that are presented in the conference. As expected, our conference has been an intellectual hub for academic discussion for our colleagues in the areas of economics, finance, and business. Participants found an excellent opportunity for presenting new research, exchanging information and discussing current issues. We believe that this conference proceeding and our future conferences will improve further the development of knowledge in our fields.
The paper uses meta-analysis to investigate the evolution of returns to education in Russia during the economic transition. We present the evidence of strong increase in returns to education in the 1990s. The returns to education peaked at 8% per additional year of schooling in the early 2000s. Since the mid-2000s the positive trend has been reversed. We find that the estimated returns are sensitive to sample design, specification and estimation methods. On average the estimated returns are higher if one uses imputed (instead of actual) years of education and estimates earnings equation with the OLS. Among covariates, the form of ownership and settlement type (urban/ rural) has the largest effect on the estimated returns to education. Regional variables have significant impact on the estimated returns only being included into the earnings equation at the oblast (province) level.
Income expectations of school students entering Russian universities Studied are determiners of income expectation of Russian school students planning to enter universities. Data for the study are drawn from a survey of 1600 families conducted by the Laboratory for Institutional Analysis of Economic Reforms of HSE with the support of the Center for Fundamental Research at HSE in the spring of 2008 in major Russian cities. It has been discovered that two months before entering university, only 60 % percent of 11 th graders and their families have formed their expectations. The variation in income expectations depends on a number of variables, the most significant being the family income, the parents education level, the type of high school the student is graduating from, and the chosen program at a university. Families that have formed their expectations about the income in the post-university time, intend to send their children to major regional universities. Given that recently higher education has become virtually universal, this fact indicates that ideas about education qualities are becoming a significant differentiating factor of income expectation.
The mortgage crisis that started in the U.S. in 2007 and lasted until 2009 was characterized by an unusually large number of defaults on the subprime mortgage market. As a result, it developed into a global economic recession and placed the stability of the world banking system in jeopardy. Therefore, the issues of credit risk modeling showed the shortcomings of the current credit risk practice. Truncation, or partial observability, and simultaneous equations bias causes sample selection bias. As a result, parameter estimates are biased and inconsistent. Firstly, we provide an overview of current approaches in the mortgage literature to control for the sample selection bias correction, such as the Heckman model and bivariate probit model with selection. Secondly, a review of the most significant mortgage studies discussing this problem is introduced. Specifically, different structural models, specific datasets and empirical results are regarded. In addition, we discuss such key credit risk determinants as borrower characteristics, terms of the mortgage contract, mortgage characteristics, and macroeconomic conditions. Finally, we conclude the discussion with possible research questions.
Students' internet usage attracts the attention of many researchers in different countries. Differences in internet penetration in diverse countries lead us to ask about the interaction of medium and culture in this process. In this paper we present an analysis based on a sample of 825 students from 18 Russian universities and discuss findings on particularities of students' ICT usage. On the background of the findings of the study, based on data collected in 2008-2009 year during a project "A сross-cultural study of the new learning culture formation in Germany and Russia", we discuss the problem of plagiarism in Russia, the availability of ICT features in Russian universities and an evaluation of the attractiveness of different categories of ICT usage and gender specifics in the use of ICT.
The paper examines the structure, governance, and balance sheets of state-controlled banks in Russia, which accounted for over 55 percent of the total assets in the country's banking system in early 2012. The author offers a credible estimate of the size of the country's state banking sector by including banks that are indirectly owned by public organizations. Contrary to some predictions based on the theoretical literature on economic transition, he explains the relatively high profitability and efficiency of Russian state-controlled banks by pointing to their competitive position in such functions as acquisition and disposal of assets on behalf of the government. Also suggested in the paper is a different way of looking at market concentration in Russia (by consolidating the market shares of core state-controlled banks), which produces a picture of a more concentrated market than officially reported. Lastly, one of the author's interesting conclusions is that China provides a better benchmark than the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe by which to assess the viability of state ownership of banks in Russia and to evaluate the country's banking sector.
The paper examines the principles for the supervision of financial conglomerates proposed by BCBS in the consultative document published in December 2011. Moreover, the article proposes a number of suggestions worked out by the authors within the HSE research team.