Article
Faire des études pour rester : parcours d'étudiants africains en France
On peut aujourd’hui rencontrer un nombre assez important d’Africains qui ont terminé des études supérieures européennes et qui doivent faire un choix : retourner dans leur patrie ou rester en Europe (ou partir en Amérique, au Canada, en Australie). Pour la plupart d’entre eux, le choix est néanmoins évident : ils restent. Ayant passé plusieurs années dans un pays européen, ils n’accepteront plus pour eux-mêmes les conditions qui existent chez eux sur le Continent, tant en ce qui concerne la politique, l’économie, que la vie quotidienne. Pourquoi leurs parents, qui étaient étudiants eux aussi dans des établissements d’enseignement supérieur européens au milieu du XXe siècle, firent-ils tout leur possible pour retourner en Afrique, alors que ceux de la génération actuelle affirment que, pour eux et pour leurs enfants, la seule possibilité est de rester vivre dans la société européenne ? Qu’est-ce qui pousse aujourd’hui les jeunes gens originaires des pays africains à refuser de marcher dans les pas de leurs parents, à refuser d’accepter les règles de la société de leur pays d’origine, et refuser, au fond, de repartir de zéro, plutôt que de rester en Europe ? Et qu’est-ce qui est déterminant dans ce choix : les années de formation dans un autre pays, qui leur permettent de voir autrement le monde, un monde qui ne ressemble pas à celui dans lequel ils sont nés, ou est-ce la situation politique et économique des Etats africains, qui explique pourquoi les jeunes gens éduqués ne souhaitent pas revenir ?
L'objet de cet article est l`analyse comparative des problèmes de la réglementation juridique de l`activité médicale (incluant la médecine traditionnelle) et la responsabilité pénale pour l'exercice illégal de la médecine et pour les autres infractions en France et en Russie.
The article deals with the problems of the sphere of extra- vocational education in Russia, which is being just forming in our country including different classes of population. According to the author it is important to render relevant services of extra education, taking international experience into account. The author considers that there is a great deal of work in creating national educational standards ahead of us in order to construct a modular vocational education based on them and to form a sphere of extra-vocational education.
The volume contains papers presented at an international colloquium " Russian-French links in biology and medicine" hosted by the St. Petersburg branch of the S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology at the Russian Academy of Sciences on September 13-14, 2011. The colloquium covered a wide range of subjects on the Russian-French links in biology and medicine ranging from the early 19th until the late 20th centuries. Particular attention was given to the history of Soviet-French and Russian-French cooperation in neurophysiology, physiology, applied biology, microbiology, ecology and genetics. A number of papers was devoted to those Russian biologisrs who carried out their research in France; these papers focused on such issues as the changing institutional frameworks of academic contacts between the two countries, the impact exercised by Russian biology upon French scholarship, transfer and reception of scientific knowledge in various subfields of biology and medicine, and changing state policies on international academic contacts and cooperation.
Several approaches to the concept of fatherhood present in Western sociological tradition are analyzed and compared: biological determinism, social constructivism and biosocial theory. The problematics of fatherhood and men’s parental practices is marginalized in modern Russian social research devoted to family and this fact makes the traditional inequality in family relations, when the father’s role is considered secondary compared to that of mother, even stronger. However, in Western critical men’s studies several stages can be outlined: the development of “sex roles” paradigm (biological determinism), the emergence of the hegemonic masculinity concept, inter-disciplinary stage (biosocial theory). According to the approach of biological determinism, the role of a father is that of the patriarch, he continues the family line and serves as a model for his ascendants. Social constructivism looks into man’s functions in the family from the point of view of masculine pressure and establishing hegemony over a woman and children. Biosocial theory aims to unite the biological determinacy of fatherhood with social, cultural and personal context. It is shown that these approaches are directly connected with the level of the society development, marriage and family perceptions, the level of egality of gender order.
This article is talking about state management and cultural policy, their nature and content in term of the new tendency - development of postindustrial society. It mentioned here, that at the moment cultural policy is the base of regional political activity and that regions can get strong competitive advantage if they are able to implement cultural policy successfully. All these trends can produce elements of new economic development.