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From Integration to Interpretation: Translating for STI into Strategies
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This book develops foresight techniques to turn future societal challenges into opportunities. The authors present foresight approaches for innovation policy and management. Future developments in fields such as education, energy, new materials, nanotechnologies are highlighted for different countries. Readers will discover tools and instruments to capture the potentials of the grand societal challenges as defined by the United Nations. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and scholars with an interest in foresight methods and gives practical hints for policy makers and managers to take account of the grand opportunities in their business and policy strategies.
Decision-makers at all levels are being confronted with novel complexities and uncertainties and face long-term challenges which require foresight about long-term future prospects, assumptions, and strategies. This book explores how foresight studies can be systematically undertaken and used in this context. It explicates why and how methods like horizon scanning, scenario planning, and roadmapping should be applied when dealing with high levels of uncertainty. The scope of the book moves beyond “narrow” technology foresight, towards addressing systemic interrelations between social, technological, economic, environmental, and political systems. Applications of foresight tools to such fields as energy, cities, health, transportation, education, and sustainability are considered as well as enabling technologies including nano-, bio-, and information technologies and cognitive sciences. The approaches will be illustrated with specific actual cases.
Due to limited energy sources and growing concerns about environment, secure, safe and sustainable energy has become one of the Grand Challenges at the global level. Likewise in many other aspects of life, energy is crucial for military forces. In parallel to the changing nature of warfare, the need for energy in military operations has increased dramatically. While energy consumption in the World War II was 1 gal per soldier per day, it was 4 gal per soldier per day during the Desert Storm operation in 1991. Not only the quantity, but also the type of energy required for military operations has changed dramatically. Shifts have been observed from individual man power to machines powered by fuel and electricity. Energy demand and type have changed further through the introduction of more sophisticated devices with new capabilities such as to enable night vision, designate targets with lasers, provide advanced sensing and communication capabilities and reduce human involvement in operations through drones and robotic technologies. Investigating the trends in changing nature of warfare and energy through review, technology mining and scientometrics, the present study develops future scenarios, and a strategic roadmap to identify priority technology areas and strategies for the future military energy R&D.
Аннотация. Рассматриваются1 особенности поведения матерей на российс- ком рынке труда в 1990-е гг., а также в эпоху относительной “капиталистической стабильности” 2000-х гг. Данные позволяют сделать некоторые ретроспективные оценки сочетания женщинами трудовой деятельности и материнства и в предшес- твующие десятилетия, начиная с 1940-х гг. Основные положения статьи состоят в том, что в 1990-е и 2000-е гг. материнство осуществлялось в условиях постепенно ослабевающей институциональной поддержки и возрастания роли личной ответс- твенности. Неформальные родственные и социальные сети оказывались все более востребованными, однако их усиление, соответствующее степени ослабления ин- ститутов, не происходило. Ориентация женщин-матерей на участие в рынке труда была стабильно высокой вне зависимости от их представлений относительно “ос- новной роли” женщины в семье и обществе. Адаптация матерей к меняющимся ус- ловиям вынужденно оказывалась гибкой и требовала интенсивных трудовых усилий (сочетание домашнего и оплачиваемого труда)
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