Статья
The Early State and its Analogues.
It is recognized widely enough that a pre-state society in order to get transformed into a state must have a certain size of territory and population, a necessary degree of sociocultural complexity and an ability to produce sufficient quantities of surplus. However, sometimes cultures significantly exceed required levels of those parameters without forming states. In addition to this, we know historically and ethnographically a considerable number of stateless societies not at all inferior to the early state societies with respect to their territory, population, sociocultural and/or political complexity. So, the question is: how to classify such societies? Compared to unquestionably pre-state societies, such as, for example, simple chiefdoms, they are not only larger in size but much more complex as well. In certain sense, they can be regarded as being at the same level of sociocultural development as early-state societies. And, since both types of societies faced similar problems and solved similar tasks, I denote complex stateless societies as early state analogues. This article is an attempt to analyze such analogues and compare them with early states.
Сборник включает статьи участников международной научно-практической конференции «Экономика и управление: проблемы и перспективы развития», прошедшей 15-16 ноября 2010 г. в г. Волгограде на базе Регионального центра социально-экономических и политических исследований «Общественное содействие». Статьи посвящены актуальным вопросам экономической, управленческой теории и практики, изучаемыми учеными из разных стран - участниц конференции.
Переводы классики по разделам экономической науки (ВЕХИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ), учебники экономические, справочные и методические материалы, книжные серии, экономическая терминология
It is often noted in the academic literature that chiefdoms frequently prove to be troublesome for scholars because of the disagreement as to whether to categorize this or that polity as a complex chiefdom or as an early state. This is no wonder, because complex chiefdoms, early states, as well as different other types of sociopolitical systems (large confederations, large self-governed civil and temple communities etc.) turn out to be at the same evolutionary level. In the present article it is argued that such complex societies can be considered as early state analogues. The most part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the most developed chiefdoms – the Hawaiian ones. It is argued that before the arrival of Cook there was no state in Hawaii. It should be classified as an early state analogue, i.e. a society of the same level of development as early states but lacking some state characteristics. It proceeds from the fact that the entire Hawaiian political and social organization was based on the strict rules and ideology of kinship, and the ruling groups represented endogamous castes and quasi-castes. The transition to statehood occurred only in the reign of Kamehameha I in the early 19th century. A scrupulous comparison between the Hawaiian chiefdoms and Hawaiian state is presented in the article.
The paper maintains that the early state formation was only one of many versions of development of complex late archaic sociopolitical systems. The author analyzes complex non-state political systems, alternative to early state, which were quite comparable to the state as regards their complexity and posed a real alternative to the state for a rather long period of time. Such complex polities are designated as early state analogues. The very pathways to statehood had a few versions. One may group them into two main types: ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’ ones. Within the ‘vertical’ model the state formation took place directly from small pre-state polities to primitive statehood. Within the ‘horizontal’ model we first observe the formation of early state analogues, whereas later those analogues were transformed into states.
This article considers concrete manifestations of the politogenesis multilinearity and the variation of its forms; it analyzes the main causes that determined the politogenetic pathway of a given society. The respective factors include the polity's size, its ecological and social environment. The politogenesis should be never reduced to the only one evolutionary pathway leading to the statehood. The early state formation was only one of many versions of deve-lopment of complex late archaic social systems. The author designates various complex non-state political systems as early state analogues. The early state analogue posed a real alternative to the state for a rather long period of time, whereas in many eco-logically marginal regions they could compete quite seriously with the state sometimes until recently. Thus, it was only in the final count that the state became the leading form of political organization of complex societies. The very pathways to statehood had a few versions. One may group them into two main types: ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’. Within the ‘vertical’ model the state formation took place in a direct way, i.e. directly from small pre-state polities to primitive statehood. Within the ‘horizontal’ model we first observe the formation of early state analogues that were quite comparable to the state as regards their complexity, whereas later those analogues were transformed into states.
This article is very closely connected with another article published in the same issue of this journal (Grinin and Korotayev2009b).
The article is devoted to the problem which is debated actively today, namely whether Greek poleis and the Roman Republic were early states or they represented a specific type of stateless societies. Some scholars suppose that even in the times of their flourishing these societies were stateless ones. I am of the opinion that this conclusion is wrong: and I believe thatAthens and the Roman Republic were early states. Therefore the present article is in many respects a direct discussion with the supporters of the idea of the stateless character of the ancient societies.
The problem as to whether Athens and the Roman Republic were early states is important in itself. However, the attempts to settle it inevitably result in a consideration of a wider problem of great importance: what polities in general can be considered as early states. In particular, is it also possible to regard as such the democratically organized societies?
Thus, in this contribution a specific aspect of the problem of multilinearity in sociopolitical evolution is examined. On the one hand, simultaneously with early states there coexisted complex non-state societies comparable to the states in size, population, other parameters and functions. Elsewhere I termed such polities the analogues of the early state(e.g., Grinin 2003c, 2004c; Bondarenko, Grinin, and Korotayev 2002). On the other hand, the diversity of sociopolitical evolution is expressed also in a tremendous variety of the early states proper among which the bureaucratic states represent just one of many types. The democratic early states without bureaucracy were early states of another type.
In this article I analyze Athens and the Roman Republic as examples of this very type.
В статье рассматриваются проблемы влияния внешних условий при оценке эффективности государственного сектора методом Data Envelopment Analysis. На примере системы здравоохранения в российских регионах в 2011 г. проводится сравнительный анализ современных методов учета внешних условий. Предлагается перспективная методика коррекции оценок эффективности, полученных методом DEA. Несмотря на преимущества DEA-анализа как инструмента оценки эффективности государственной власти, его применение связано с рядом методологических трудностей. Учет нескольких факторов, влияющих на эффективность, требует применения более сложных методов, наиболее перспективным из которых является кластеризация изучаемых DMU по набору признаков и построение локальных границ производственных возможностей. Применение регрессионного анализа для коррекции оценок в настоящее время требует более глубокого изучения, поскольку не исключена возможность появления систематических ошибок в коррекции. Наиболее перспективным подходом представляется сочетание коррекции исходных показателей и кластеризации, дополненное многостадийным анализом. Рассмотрение нескольких стадий преобразования ресурсов общества в общественно полезный результат позволит локализовать слабые стороны работы государственной организации.
Анализ современного общества, пронизанного медиа, ведется с позиций этнометодологического подхода и представляет собой попытку ответа на кардинальный вопрос: что представляют собой наблюдаемые упорядоченности событий, транслируемых массовыми посредниками. Исследование ритуалов идет по двум основным направлениям: во-первых, в организационно-производственной системе медиа, ориентированной на постоянное воспроизводство, в основе которого лежит трансмиссионная модель и различение информация/неинформация и, во-вторых, в анализе восприятия этих сообщений аудиторией, представляющей собой реализацию ритуальной, или экспрессивной, модели, результатом которой является разделенный опыт. Это и означает ритуальный характер современных медиа.
В данной научной работе использованы результаты, полученные в ходе выполнения проекта № 10-01-0009 «Медиаритуалы», реализованного в рамках Программы «Научный фонд НИУ ВШЭ» в 2010-2012 гг.
Представлены результаты кросскультурного исследования взаимосвязи социального капитала и экономических представлений у русских (N=150) и китайцев (N=105). Выявлены различия в социальном капитале и экономических представлениях русских и китайцев. В обеих группах социальный капитал позитивно взаимосвязан с «продуктивными» экономическими представлениями и большинство взаимосвязей схожи по своей логике, однако существуют и культурная специфика.
В статье проанализированы последствия гайдаровских реформ для России.
Статьи данного сборника написаны на основе докладов, сделанных в 2011 г. на социологическом факультете МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова на заседании XIV Междисциплинарного ежегодного научного семинара "Математическое моделирование социальных процессов" им. Героя Социалистического труда академика А.А. Самарского.
Издание предназначено для научных сотрудников, преподавателей, учащихся вузов и научных учреждений РАН, интересующихся проблемами, разработкой и внедрением методологии математического моделирования социальных процессов.