«Железнодорожное правосудие» в процессах аккультурации во фронтирных зонах Азиатской России конца XIX — начала XX вв. (Бухарский эмират и Северная Маньчжурия)

Электронный научно-образовательный журнал "История". 2024. Т. 15. № 1(135). Статья 8.

Верняев И. И., Pochekaev R. Y.

The article is a comparative study of two variants of the “railway justice”, i.e. justice systems in the Russian exclaves in the Emirate of Bukhara and the Northern Manchuria at the end of 19th — beginning of 20th century. Basic mechanisms of integration and acculturation of both territories and their population was railway infrastructure (Central Asia and Chinese Eastern Railways) and judicial institution connected with it. The research is based on the wide circle of sources: archival materials of court cases, legal acts of central and regional authorities, hand-books, analytical woks and contemporary memories. The correlation of Russian jurisdictions of different levels is studied. The special attention is paid to court practice of the Russian political agency and lay justice in Bukhara and mixed Russian-Chinese courts in the Northern Manchuria. Authors found that Russian justice in both exclaves on the one hand were based on the imperial post-reform legal rules and on the other hand were adopted for the specific interstate context, ethno-confessional diversity of territories, local legal culture. Russian courts were succeeded in the provision pf basic law and order and promote the processes of cultural legal integration of the studied regions and their varied population. Distinctions of two justice models are connected with difference competence of the Russian post-reform courts in the Emirate of Bukhara and Northern Manchuria. Central authorities and administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway took into account and discussed the Bukharan experience of deeper justice integration, but saved the wide latitude of mixed Russian-Chinese courts.

Keywords: Russian Empire, Российская империя, justice system, Bukharan Emirate, Бухарский эмират, Chinese Eastern Railway, Northern Manchuria, Central Asian railway, cultural legal acculturation, Среднеазиатская железная дорого, Северная Маньчжурия, Китайско-восточная железная дорога, система правосудия, культурно-правовая аккультурарция