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Does insect induced defoliation affect anatomical structure of oak wood?
We counted the intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) of oak (Quercus robur) tree rings sampled in a deciduous
broadleaf forest near Kozelsk (Kaluga region) in the Ugra National Park, Central Russia. Three sites in
the same forest massif were sampled. We also sampled ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees in one of these sites as a nonhost species for the identification of insect outbreaks. In total, 49 oak and 21 ash trees were sampled and
analyses were performed for the period 1878–2015. Within the selected time framework, we observed numerous
cases with: 1) high percentage of IADFs, 2) decreased oak tree ring widths compared to that of ashes, 3) considerable quantity of oak trees with abrupt growth changes (AGC), and 4) statistically significant differences in
counts of IADFs and AGC between the three sampling sites. These traits were characteristic for several consecutive
years, and we interpret these as evidence of the insect herbivory causing growth interruptions during
the period of the oak leaf expansion. Other external stress factors including summer droughts and late spring
frosts can intensify IADFs manifestations during insect outbreaks, but did not affect oak growth strongly enough
to cause growth interruptions without insect interference.