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September 18, 2026
When Pictures Hinder Understanding: Illustrations May Impede Learning of Abstract Ideas
Illustrations can help remember specific actions but do not always make abstract ideas easier to learn. Researchers from HSE University and Humboldt University compared how people learn from texts with different levels of abstractness. They found that participants remembered illustrations better and performed better on related tasks after reading a multimedia text about yoga asanas than after reading an abstract text about the Nash equilibrium. The findings could help improve the selection of illustrations for educational and informational materials. The study has been published in Learning and Instruction.
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Об образах и прообразах в графе композиции независимых равновероятных случайных отображений

Прикладная дискретная математика. 2020. № 49. С. 5–17.
Mironkin V.

We study the probability characteristics of the random mapping graph $ f_{\left[k\right]} $ --- the composition $k\in \mathbb{N}$ of independent equiprobable random mappings $ f_1, \ldots, f_k $, where $f_i\colon \left\{1,\ldots,n\right\}\to \left\{1,\ldots,n\right\}$, $n\in\mathbb{N}$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. The following results are obtained.

Let $k\in \mathbb{N}$ and random mappings $f_1,\ldots,f_k$  be independent with the equiprobable distribution on $\mathfrak{S}$. Then for any fixed $x,y\in S,\, x\ne y$,
\begin{equation}\notag
\mathbf{P}\left\{f_{\left[k\right]}\left(x\right)=f_{\left[k\right]}\left(y\right)\right\}=\sum\limits_{\begin{smallmatrix}s_1,\ldots,s_{k-1}\colon\\2\geqslant s_1\geqslant\ldots\geqslant s_{k-1}
 \end{smallmatrix}}\frac{q\left(2,s_{1}\right)}{n^{s_{k-1}-1}}\prod\limits_{i=1}^{k-2}q\left(s_i,s_{i+1}\right),
\end{equation}
where $q\left(a,b\right)=C_{n}^{n-b} \left(\frac{b}{n}\right)^a
\sum_{l=0}^{b}C_{b}^l(-1)^l\left(1-\frac{l}{b}\right)^a$.

For any fixed $x\in S$
\begin{multline}\notag
\mathbf{P}\left\{ x\in f_{\left[k\right]}\left(S\right)\right\}=\frac1{n}\sum\limits_{l=1}^{n}{\left(\frac{\left(n\right)_l}{n^l} \right)^k}+\\
+\sum\limits_{l=1}^{n-2}\sum\limits_{t=1}^{n-l-1}\sum\limits_{m=1}^{n-t-l}\left(-1\right)^{m-1}C_{n-1}^m\sum\limits_{\begin{smallmatrix}s_1,\ldots,s_{k-1}\colon\\m\geqslant s_1\geqslant\ldots\geqslant s_{k-1}
 \end{smallmatrix}}\frac{q\left(m,s_{1}\right)}{n^{s_{k-1}}}\prod\limits_{i=1}^{k-2}q\left(s_i,s_{i+1}\right)V^{\left\{k,m\right\}}_{s_1,\ldots,s_{k-1}},
\end{multline}
where $q\left(a,b\right)=C_{n}^{n-b} \left(\frac{b}{n}\right)^a
\sum_{l=0}^{b}C_{b}^l(-1)^l\left(1-\frac{l}{b}\right)^a$,  $V^{\left\{k,m\right\}}_{s_1,\ldots,s_{k-1}}$ is determined by the ratio~\eqref{V{k,m}} and  $(n)_z=n(n-1)\dots(n-z+1)$.

For any fixed  $x\in S\backslash S'$ and for any $r\in \{1,\ldots,n-1\}$, $S'\subseteq S\colon |S'|=r$,   $z\in \{1,\ldots,n\}$
\begin{multline}\notag
\mathbf{P}\left\{\tau_{f_{\left[k\right]}}\left(x\right)=z,\mathcal{R}_{f_{\left[k\right]}}\left(x\right)\cap S'=\varnothing \right\}=\\
=\left(1-\left(1-\frac{z}{n}\right)\left( 1-\frac{z-1}{n} \right)^{k-1}\right)\left(\frac{\left(n\right)_{z-1}}{n^{z-1}} \right)^{k-1}\frac{\left(n\right)_{r+z}}{n^{z-1}\left(n\right)_{r+1}},
\end{multline}
where $\mathcal{R}_{f_{\left[k\right]}}\left(x\right)$ is the aperiodicity segment of vertex $x$ in the graph of mapping $f_{\left[k\right]}$ (see def.~\ref{D-tau_f}), $\tau_{f_{\left[k\right]}}\left(x\right)=\min\left\{ t\in \mathbb{N}\colon {f_{\left[k\right]}}^t\left(x\right)\in \left\{ x,{f_{\left[k\right]}}\left(x\right),\dots,{f_{\left[k\right]}}^{t-1}\left(x\right) \right\} \right\}.$

For any fixed  $x,y\in S,\, x\ne y$, and for any  $r\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$
\begin{equation}\notag
  \mathbf{P}\left\{y \in \left(f_{\left[k\right]}\right)^{-r}\left(x\right)\right\}=\frac1n\left(1-\frac1{n-1}\sum\limits_{z\in Q_r\backslash\{1\}}\left(\frac{\left(n\right)_z}{n^z}\right)^k\right),
\end{equation}
where $Q_r$  is determined by the equality~\eqref{Q^j_i}.

Research target: Computer Science Mathematics
Priority areas: mathematics
Language: Russian
Full text
DOI
Text on another site
Keywords: коллизияотрезок апериодичностиграф отображенияcollisioninitial vertexравновероятное случайного отображениевисячая вершинаequiprobable random mappinggraph of a mappingaperiodicity segmentlayer in a graphслой в графеcomposition of mappingsкомпозиция отображенийimage of a multitudepre-image of a vertexобраз множествапрообраз вершины
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