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May 14, 2026
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Beneath the surface of green energy—which most people associate with solar panels, electric vehicles, and reduced CO2 emissions—lies a complex web of geopolitical interests, international inequality, and resource constraints. Researchers from the Laboratory for Science and Technology Studies (LST) at the HSE ISSEK Foresight Centre have published a series of articles in leading international journals on hidden and overt conflicts surrounding critically important metals and minerals, as well as related processes in the energy sector.
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Fluorinated Unsymmetrical N,N-Diaryl Imidazolium SaltsNew Functionalized NHC-Ligand Precursors

Chemistry - A European Journal. 2017. Vol. 23. No. 27. P. 6663–6674.
Ananyev I., Топчий М., Зотова М., Масоуд С., Маилян А., Нефедов С., Асаченко А., Осипов С.

An efficient and scaled-up synthesis of the imidazol-2-ylidene-based unsymmetrical NHC precursors bearing the sterically demanding hexafluoroisopropylalkoxy group [(CF3)(2)(OR)C-] at the ortho position of the N-aryl substituent was developed. The key step of the method involved the transformation of a Mes-substituted oxazolinium tetrafluoroborate salt through the reaction with the corresponding binucleophilic fluoroalkyl-substituted aniline. The subsequent post-modification of the resulting hydroxyl-containing salt through a simple one-step O-alkylation protocol provided access to a new family of unsymmetrical fluorinated NHC precursors. These compounds were successfully utilized for the preparation of several novel metal complexes. The molecular structures of some NHC precursors and their metal complexes have been unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A preliminary evaluation of the catalytic activity of the palladium complexes was performed on a Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction. As a result, two PEPPSI-type (PEPPSI=pyridine-enhanced pre-catalyst preparation stabilization and initiation) Pd complexes have demonstrated promising activity in alkane solvents.

Language: English
DOI
Keywords: catalysisheterocyclesunsymmetrical imidazolium saltsfluorinated ligandscarbenes
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