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Preterit and imperfect of the verb “to be” in Tocharian: Contextual analysis against “fine semantics”
P. 37–38.
Itkin I., Kuritsyna A.
Tocharian languages (Tocharian A and Tocharian B) have two past tenses, traditionally named as “imperfect” and “preterit”, however their exact semantic and functional correlation remains disputable. The verb A nas- / B nes- “to be” whose grammaticalized Ipf and Pt forms are used as copula with different parts of speech represents a special case in this problem. It is usually claimed that Ipf of the verb "to be" describes a lasting state in the past, while Pt has an ingressive meaning, but several contexts can be found which contradict this interpretation. We argue, that at least in constructions with non-finite verbal forms, in particular with gerundives and past participles, both copula forms show differencies in lexical and/or grammatical compatibility.
Поцелуев В. А., Ural-Altaic Studies 2026 Vol. 62 No. 3 P. 62–81
In recent years, the researchers working on Uralic languages within Minimalism seem to have built a consensus on how to define the
position of negation in any language with a negative verb. The main and usually the only argument is based on the work [Mitchell 2006].
The argument is as follows: if the negative verb expresses tense, ...
Added: September 30, 2026
Poliakova E., Вопросы языкознания 2024 № 4 С. 77–95
One of the common features of the Nakh-Daghestanian languages is the evidential opposition
between some of the past tense verb forms, which mark (in)direct access to the information. Khwarshi has two synthetic past forms that are traditionally considered to form this kind of opposition, but,
according to our data, it may in fact not be based on ...
Added: November 13, 2025
Plungian V., van der Auwera J., STUF - Language Typology and Universals 2006 Vol. 59 No. 4 P. 317–349
Added: November 12, 2023
Itkin I., Малышев С. В., Voprosy Jazykoznanija 2021 No. 3 P. 47–75
This article continues the series of works “Addenda et corrigenda” (Svetlana Burlak & Ilya Itkin 2000, 2010; Ilya Itkin 2018) dedicated to re-interpretation and re-analysis of word forms found in Tocharian texts (mostly Tocharian A). ...
Added: October 26, 2021
Клягина Е. С., , in: Семнадцатая конференция по типологии и грамматике для молодых исследователей. Тезисы докладов. Санкт-Петербург, 19-21 ноября 2020 г.: ИЛИ РАН, 2020. P. 145–148.
In the paper we argue that the discontinuous past interpretation is a conversational implicature, which rise can be explained by the following chain of reasoning. Natural contexts where the Retro-Aorist is used are clauses that need another clause in the same sentence. Thus, if the Retro-Aorist form is uttered and no other clause appears in ...
Added: July 8, 2021
Kulikov L., Manevskaia I., TURKIC LANGUAGES 2019 Vol. 23 No. 1 P. 135–139
Review of a monograph discussing Mongolian past tenses ...
Added: October 14, 2020
Popova D., на рассмотрении 2027 P. 1–14
We have examined the evidential contrast between the first and the second past tense morphemes
in Komi-Zyrian. We found that in resultative contexts, the first past tense morphology
and the second past tense morphology compete with each other. While the use of the
second past tense morpheme signals that the speaker has indirect (inferential or hearsay)
evidence for the ...
Added: August 31, 2020
Dybo A., Шестакова Д. П., Язык и культура 2019 № 46 С. 24–42
Данное исследование находится в русле активно развивающихся современных направлений языкознания, таких как аспектология и грамматическая типология. В работе предлагается разностороннее рассмотрение семантики анализируемых лингвистических единиц с точки зрения различных аспектов, входящих в активно изучаемый в настоящее время семантический домен TAM (или TAM(E)). Все это обеспечивает актуальность настоящей работы. Аббревиатурой ТАМ(Е) – Tense, Aspect, Mood / ...
Added: November 15, 2019
Itkin I., , in: Труды Института востоковедения РАНВып. 19: Проблемы общей и востоковедной лингвистики: Лексикология и лексикография.: М.: Институт востоковедения РАН, 2018. P. 251–255.
The article discusses the Tocharian A token pāśrāk <*>, the existence of which was previously only hypothetical, and the meaning remained unknown. Basing on the analysis of contexts, we concluded that the word pāśrāk <*> is found in the descriptions of the sacred mountain Meru and has the meaning "ledge, terrace". It is suggested that ...
Added: October 31, 2019
Kuritsyna A., Journal of Language Relationship 2018 Vol. 16 No. 4 P. 265–276
In this paper, I discuss a hitherto undescribed property of the Tocharian adjectival suffixes
(most commonly A -ṣi / B -ṣṣe, more rarely also -tstse and -ññe) to be shared by conjuncts.
I will attempt to prove that such constructions are based on coordinated nouns and not on
dvandva-type compounds, and compare Tocharian data with the situation in ...
Added: October 15, 2019
Tocharian A text THT 1331 and the “Höllenkapitel” of the “Maitrisimit nom bitig”: some more remarks.
Itkin I., Kuritsyna A., Malyshev S., Tocharian and Indo-European studies 2017 No. 18 P. 71–82
Although the document THT 1331 is poorly preserved, it provides very useful information for the study of the Tocharian A language and the Maitreyasamiti-Nāṭaka. In the present paper, we propose a new reading and analysis of both of its larger fragments, a and b. ...
Added: October 3, 2018
Itkin I., Kuritsyna A., Tocharian and Indo-European studies 2017 Vol. 18 P. 63–69
e article deals with the Tocharian A fragment THT 1308.a. On the basis of parallels with the Uyghur text “Maitrisimit nom bitig” it is established that this fragment belongs to act XX of the “Maitreyasamiti-Nāṭaka”, one of the so-called “Höllenkapitel”, and contains a narration by the denizens of hell about the sins they committed in ...
Added: October 3, 2018
Kuritsyna A., Manuscripta Orientalia 2017 Vol. 23 No. 1 P. 54–60
In this paper, the Tocharian B fragment 498 is identified as a parallel manuscript of the medical text PK AS 3A. We propose restorations and interpretations of some just partially preserved lexemes, i. a. of the hapax śalma in line b7, and discuss the observable orthographic and content-related differences between both copies. This analysis leads ...
Added: October 3, 2018
Kuritsyna A., В кн.: Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология – XX : материалы чтений, посвященных памяти профессора Иосифа Моисеевича Тронского, 21–23 июня 2016 г., Санкт-ПетербургТ. 1.: СПб.: Наука, 2016. С. 559–572.
The aim of this article is to compare the use of the Tocharian preposition A śla/ B śle “with” and the words A ślak, B śale, śle etymologically related to it. In some works on Tocharian languages the forms B śle and śale have been treated as two accent variants of the same lexeme, which ...
Added: October 3, 2018
Holland R., Brindley L., Shtyrov Y. et al., Neuropsychologia 2012 Vol. 50 No. 14 P. 3713–3720
especially impaired on regular past-tense forms like played, whether the task requires production, comprehension or even the judgement that "play" and "played" sound different. Within a dual-mechanism account of inflectional morphology, these deficits reflect disruption to the rule-based process that adds (or strips) the suffix -ed to regular verb stems; but the fact that the ...
Added: October 23, 2014
Lander Yu., Letuchiy A., , in: Recursion and human language.: Berlin, NY: De Gruyter Mouton, 2010. Ch. Part IV, 14 P. 263–284.
In the paper, the phenomenon of recursion in morphology of Adyghe, a polysynthetic language of Caucaus is considered. We argue that recursion may be allowed to different extents in different parts of the word and be highly constrained exactly in contexts that are considered prototypical for recursion. Hence this property is not as natural as ...
Added: November 19, 2012