«Пусть наши люди пребудут в полной сохранности…»: социальные и правовые статусы населения поместий раннекаролингской эпохи (по материалам Capitulare de villis)

Proslogion: Проблемы социальной истории и культуры средних веков и раннего нового времени. 2016. № 2 (14). С. 290–309.

Zemlyakov M.

This article contains an analysis of different definitions which were presented
in one of the most important and well-known capitulary of Frankish kings —
“Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii” dated 794–800. It proves that the structure
of Carolingian society at the turn of the 8th–9th centuries was very complicate
and contradictory. The author pays his attention to the formation and execution of administration in early Carolingian estate. Author observes main categories of head offi cers — iudex(stewarts), maiores(mayors), iuniores(subordinates) and ministri (overseers). Stewarts hold on entire power over the royal demesne; other administrative ranks also have some privilegies such as releave from handwork and rent paid by products of agriculture, to spend enough time to carry out the orders of stewarts and king’s agents. The second part tends to formerly free persons and dependent peasantry included into estates’ structure as piece of master’s immobility (ministeriales (servants), Franci (formerly free Franks), fiscalini (slaves and libertines of king), tributarii (possessors), prebendarii (the landless who took his property from master) and servi (ordinary slaves). All of them were representatives of wide social stratum, namely homines nostri (analogue of homines regii in Ripuarian law in 7 th century). Indeed, capitulary shows the climax of social processes in Gaul of the 7th–9th centuries, which means a confluence of different ranks and categories of
Frankish society under the power of mighty landowners (primarily kings and emperors) into the homogenous class of dependent farmers. It was a starting point to emerging of serf’s class in the 9th century and further.

Keywords: Салическая правда, Charlemagne, Louis the Pius, Capitulare de villis, early Carolingian estate, The Laws of Salica Franks (Lex Salica), The Laws of Ripuarian Franks (Lex Ribvaria), Карл Великий, Людовик Благочестивый, «Капитулярий о поместьях», раннекаролингское поместье, Рипуарская правда, Галлия