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Using the regulation of accuracy to study performance when the correct answer is not known
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2017. Vol. 58. P. 275–283.
Luna K., Martín-Luengo B.
We examined memory performance in multiple-choice questions when correct answers were not always present. How do participants answer when they are aware that the correct alternative may not be present? To answer this question we allowed participants to decide on the number of alternatives in their final answer (the plurality option), and whether they wanted to report or withhold their answer (report option). We also studied the memory benefits when both the plurality and the report options were available. In two experiments participants watched a crime and then answered questions with five alternatives. Half of the questions were presented with the correct alternative and half were not. Participants selected one alternative and rated confidence, then selected three alternatives and again rated confidence, and finally indicated whether they preferred the answer with one or with three alternatives (plurality option). Lastly, they decided whether to report or withhold the answer (report option). Results showed that participants’ confidence in their selections was higher, that they chose more single answers, and that they preferred to report more often when the correct alternative was presented. We also attempted to classify a posteriori questions as either presented with or without the correct alternative from participants’ selection. Classification was better than chance, and encouraging, but the forensic application of the classification technique is still limited since there was a large percentage of responses that were incorrectly classified. Our results also showed that the memory benefits of both plurality and report options overlap. Key words: Metamemory, eyewitness memory, plurality option, report option.
Publication based on the results of:
Myachykov A., Qiwei G., Ruisi W. et al., Journal of Affective Disorders 2026 Vol. 412 Article 122110
Subthreshold depression (StD) in adolescence is clinically important, but its neurobiological substrates remain unclear. We examined whether adolescents with StD show multimodal MRI alterations related to glymphatic function. ...
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Galina Oreshina, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 2026 Article 10919
Interpersonal synchrony is increasingly conceptualized not as a static marker of rapport but as a dynamic, context-sensitive process that fluctuates across interactional phases to serve distinct relational functions. This study examined whether movement synchrony—absolute, non-absolute, client-leading, and counsellor-leading—was associated with therapeutic alliance in naturally occurring counselling sessions. Twenty-seven video recordings were analysed using motion energy ...
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Samoilov O., Морозов З. А., Петухова Д. Р. et al., Психология человека в образовании 2023 Т. 4 № 5 С. 519–535
Introduction. The article presents a systematic review of psychological research focusing on metacognitive regulation of learning effectiveness through digital educational technologies (DET). Digital technologies are often used in education. Over the past years, self-regulated learning, i.e., the practice of using digital technologies to manage learning activities, has been gaining momentum. However, the specifics of such ...
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Сорокин П. А., Bochaver A. A., Психология и право 2026 Т. 16 № 2 С. 118–131
Context and relevance. Information security for children and adolescents is currently a key subject of interdisciplinary research and practice. Data from Russian and international studies indicate a high prevalence of threats to the information security of minors, the main ones being cyberbullying, personal data theft, online pedophilia, involvement in destructive subcultures and movements, manipulation of minors ...
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Dvoeglazova M., Visual Cognition 2026 P. 1–16
Rectangularity can be an a priori constraint for the visual system to recover a 3D shape from a 2D image. Two psychophysical experiments (n = 16 each) were conducted to test whether observers are biased to perceive trihedral corners as rectangular and whether this bias is perceptual rather than a response bias. The results of ...
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М.: Институт консультативной психологии и консалтинга (ФПК-Институт), 2024.
The sixth volume of this year book on client-centered psychotherapy and person-centered approach, published by PCA Russia and the institute of counselling psychology and consulting (FPC institute) gathers the translations of Carl Rogers’ articles and his followers from Russia. They observe the peculiarities of client-centered psychotherapy and person-centered approach. The key components of Rogers’ triad ...
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Volkova N., Кочетков Н. В., Чикер В. А., Психологическая наука и образование 2026 Т. 31 № 3 С. 35–49
Context and relevance. Artificial intelligence is a technology with the potential to fundamentally transform all spheres of human life. Its rapid integration into everyday reality intensifies research dedicated to the psychology of using neural networks. However, the development of empirical research in the Russian scientific field is limited by the lack of validated psychodiagnostic tools that ...
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Хилинская О. С., Leykina A., Журнал клинического и прикладного психоанализа 2026 Т. VII № 2 С. 104–121
Questions of the interrelation of manifestations played out on the psychic stage and at the level of
the body have been the object of research in both psychiatry and psychoanalytic psychopathology
for a long time, since the time of Hippocrates. With the advent of psychoanalysis, a revolution took
place in the
fi
eld of psychosomatics, Freud brought something that would ...
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Vasiliev F., Мир психологии. Научно-методический журнал 2026 Т. 125 № 2 С. 113–126
This study examines the impact of various team characteristics on the evaluation of work outcomes within teams. The research was conducted on a target sample in Russian organizations. Using structural equation modeling, three groups of factors were identified: (1) team characteristics that influenced cognitive evaluation, emotional evaluation of work outcomes, and satisfaction with the work ...
Added: July 4, 2026
Vasiliev F., Мир психологии. Научно-методический журнал 2026 Т. № 4 № 123 С. 162–176
Here is a precise and academically appropriate English translation:
Project teams play a key role in the modern economy, contributing to innovation and the execution of complex tasks. Despite the increasing prevalence of project teams, the psychological mechanisms underlying their functioning remain insufficiently studied. This study is devoted to examining the relationships between various task characteristics ...
Added: July 4, 2026
Imbault C., Slioussar N., Ivanenko A. et al., The Mental Lexicon 2026 P. 1–23
The study examines emotional responses to words representing a wide range of psychological valence and focuses on gender-related differences. We aimed to find out whether men and women differ in their emotional responses, and whether they can take the perspective of another gender. We used the slider paradigm (Warriner et al., 2017): participants saw a humanoid ...
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Shilmanskaya A., Leontiev D., Культурно-историческая психология 2026 Т. 22 № 2 С. 86–97
Context and relevance. The issue of personality changes has become a significant trend in personality research over the past decade. Traditional approaches to assessing the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic work are based on comparing measurement results before and after intervention. Objective. To test the visual “Trajectory” method for assessing the perceived trajectory of individual development and to verify its ...
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Васильчук М. С., Шаньков Ф. М., Chumakova M. et al., Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics 2021 Vol. 18 No. 2 P. 247–258
The 2019 Coronavirus disease outbreak leads to negative psychological outcomes not only for healthcare workers and patients, but also for the general public. S. Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources theory is one of the most applicable models for conceptualizing and evaluating natural and social catastrophes and their impact. A web-based screening has been conducted at the ...
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Сергеюк А. А., Sherbakova O., Психологический журнал 2022 Т. 43 № 6 С. 28–42
One of the essential aspects of memory efficiency is the lack of recall (forgetting) of erroneous, traumatic,
or unimportant information. Therefore, the development of tools for control and facilitation of forgetting
is of particular importance. This work aims to investigate the impact of systematic mental training (openmonitoring
meditation) on the magnitude of intentional forgetting effect. 106 volunteers (69 ...
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Dolgoarshinnaia A., Martín-Luengo B., , in: Когнитивная наука в Москве: новые исследования. Материалы конференции 21–22 июня 2023 г.: М.: «Буки Веди», Московский институт психоанализа, 2023. P. 26–31.
Added: August 26, 2024
Martín-Luengo B., Hu Z., Cadavid S. et al., Plos One 2023 Vol. 18 No. 11 Article e0286824
Despite the increasing interest in learning non-alphabetical languages such as Chinese, research about its learning process for alphabet users is scarce. Research conducted on Latin alphabet users on learning languages written in Latin alphabet, or on Chinese language learning in Chinese native speakers, users is undoubtedly useful but it does not inform about the peculiarities ...
Added: November 14, 2023
Martín-Luengo B., Zinchenko O., Dolgoarshinnaia A. et al., Human Brain Mapping 2021 Vol. 42 No. 10 P. 3005–3022
Confidence in our retrieved memories, that is, retrospective confidence, is a metamemory process we perform daily. There is an abundance of applied research focusing on the metamemory judgments and very diverse studies including a wide range of clinical populations. However, the neural correlates that support its functioning are not well defined impeding the implementation of ...
Added: October 14, 2021
Martín-Luengo B., Luna K., Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics 2018 Vol. 15 No. 2 P. 201–208
Judgements of learning are subjective estimations about the future recovery of a recently learned piece of information. They might be based on valid cues and therefore be predictors of future performance, or, based on invalid cues and no reflect it. Embodied cognition research showed that we have internalized a numerical scale for which, in the ...
Added: June 14, 2018
Karlos L., Martín-Luengo B., Albuquerque P. B., The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2018 No. 7 P. 1626–1636
Past studies have shown that the perceptual characteristics of studied items (eg, font size) lead to a metamemory illusion, and that delayed judgments of learning (JOLs) are better predictors of memory performance than immediate. Here, we tested whether delayed JOLs could reduce or eliminate the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs and restudy decisions. We ...
Added: June 14, 2018
Luna K., Martín-Luengo B., Psicologica 2018 Vol. 39 P. 1–24
Witnesses encoding a crime are likely to feel negative emotions with high arousal, e.g., anxiety or fear. Negative emotions improve memory for central information and impair memory for peripheral information. In this study we explored the effects of emotional arousal and type of information in the regulation of accuracy. The regulation of accuracy allows participants ...
Added: February 5, 2018
Martín-Luengo B., Shtyrov Y., Myachykov A. et al., Memory 2018 Vol. 26 No. 7 P. 993–1007
Research on conversational exchanges shows that people attempt to optimize their responses' relevance when they definitely know the correct answer (eg, “What time is it?”). However, such certainty is often unavailable while speakers may still be under social pressure to provide an answer. We examined how social context influences the informativeness level when answering questions ...
Added: January 27, 2018
Luna K., Martín-Luengo B., Shtyrov Y. et al., Frontiers in Psychology 2016 Vol. 7 No. 1894 P. 1–7
Close relationship between physical space and internal knowledge representations has received ample support in the literature. For example, location of visually perceived information in vertical space has been shown to affect different numerical judgments. In addition, physical dimensions, such as weight or font size, were shown to affect judgments of learning (JOLs, an estimation of ...
Added: February 4, 2017
Luna K., Martín-Luengo B., Brewer N., Memory and Cognition 2015 Vol. 43 P. 1180–1192
Abstract Previous studies have shown that, when people asked to retrieve something from memory have the chance to regulate memory accuracy, the accuracy of their final report increases. Such regulation of accuracy can be made through one of several strategies: the report option, the grain-size op- tion, or the plurality option. However, sometimes an answer ...
Added: October 23, 2015
Luna K., Martín-Luengo B., Applied Cognitive Psychology 2012 Vol. 26 P. 687–693
Misinformation has negative effects in the accuracy of eyewitnesses' reports. We investigated whether those negative effects could be reduced when participants are allowed to decide how many answers to include in their answers, that is, to regulate the plurality option. Participants watched a slideshow and received misinformation through a narrative. In the recognition memory test, ...
Added: October 23, 2015