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Развитие способностей создания трудностей
С. 169–190.
The evolutionary origins and social development of activities aimed at creating difficulties and problems for others is considered. Analysis focuses on three main types of difficulties that different agents create for one another: destructive difficulties seeking to cause damage; constructive difficulties aimed at helping the other subject to develop (e.g., instructional problems in various areas); and diagnosing difficulties aimed at exploring the potential of another subject (tests, assignments, informal tests etc.).