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К ответу! Концепт протеста как исходный момент категории подотчетности
Upsurge of protest activities at the dawn of the first decade of this century coinsided with a new wave of political development. Protest can be associated with a new (the 5th ?) wave of democratization and to that effect with reshuffle of institutions and practices of democratic accountability. Conceptualization of protest may help to reshape democratic accountability. Still the cognitive scheme of protest remains unacknowledged by majority of protesters themselves. The article reconstructs notion of justification and enforcement of one’s rights dating back to Roman law and expressed by the terms provocatio and protestatio. Christian idea of Covenant and Testamentum enrooted appeal to higher authority for redress of grievances. The idea was further developed by Protestants. They employed trilateral cognitive scheme of two pleaders and an arbiter. Further revolutionary upheavals led to reduction of the scheme to binary (left-right) models. Present day discourses provide two models of protest: (1) binary schemata of non-conventional and obstinate protest, and (2) trinary schemata of appeal to outside arbiter, e.g. public opinion, international community etc. for restoration of violated norms. The inner forms and cultural implications of petition, demonstration and manifestation are vital for meaningful understanding of protest actions and to further reshaping democratic accountability.