Взаимообусловленность исполнений в двусторонних долевых обязательствах

Актуальные проблемы российского права. 2025. Т. 20. № 9. С. 52–64.

Borja S.

In modern Russian doctrine, there have been two approaches to determining the reciprocity of performances in bilateral divided obligations: the first approach presupposes that there is reciprocity between individual obligations, and the second one, on the other hand, is based on the premise that reciprocity links cumulative obligations. This, therefore, has led to uncertainty regarding the legal consequences thereof. The present article argues that both approaches are not mutually exclusive and that each of them has its own scope of application. At the same time, the author demonstrates that the advantages attributed to the second approach—borrowed from foreign legal orders—contradict Russian legislation and that, if the parties indeed agree on the unity of synallagma, it does not let the creditor receive full performance from divided debtors without having to pay any of them prior to being completely satisfied. In this regard, other contractual mechanisms are considered, with the help of which this interest can nevertheless be protected: the indivisibility of the performance of the debtors’ obligation or the creditor’s counter-obligation, the solidarity of the debtors’ obligation or the indivisibility of the creditor’s obligation, a specific payment period for the creditor’s obligation, or the creditor’s right to unilaterally withdraw from the contract.

Keywords: исполнение обязательства, performance of obligations, synallagma, separate obligations, divided obligations, долевые обязательства, exception of non-performance, divisible obligations, возражение о неисполненном договоре, exceptio non adimpleti contractus, делимые обязательства, functional synallagma, mutual obligations, synallagmatic obligations, функциональная синаллагма, взаимные обязательства, синаллагматические обязательства, приостановление исполнения обязательства, exceptio non adimpleti contractus