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Causative Suffixes in Tatyshly Udmurt: How Native and Borrowed Morphemes Co-Exist
The paper deals with morphological causatives in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language (Republic of Bashkortostan). Surrounded by the Turkic languages (Tatar and Bashkir), Tatyshly Udmurt developed a more complex system of causative markers than Standard Udmurt. It consists of two suffixes: -t, of Uralic origins, and a Turkic borrowing -ttə̑ r absent in Standard Udmurt. In this article, the properties of the suffixes are reviewed re- garding the morphosyntax and semantics of verbal forms. It is demonstrated that the two suffixes apply different restrictions on deriving stems. The main one is that -t but not -ttə̑ r can serve as a verbalizer and be attached to nominal stems. Another crucial difference is that -ttə̑ r can be interpreted as either a single or double causative, and -t does not. Meanwhile, the patterns of causee marking are the same for both Tatyshly and Standard Udmurt: the causee gets accusative regardless of the verb's argument structure, contrary to Comrie's hierarchy. The suf- fixes can express all range of typologically attested semantics (factitive, mediated, rogative) except for permis- sive. In addition to that, in some idiolects, -ttə̑ r introduces the interpretation of intensification or deliberance, which is typical of double causatives. Given its morphosyntactic properties and evidence from other languages, I argue that it was a configuration of two causative morphemes in the early stages of borrowing, but it functions as a single morpheme on the synchronic level. Thus, the suffixes -t and -ttə̑ r exhibit differences not only between each other but also in comparison to their counterparts in Standard Udmurt and Turkic.