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Структуры, объекты и реальность. Часть 2
The first part of the paper was devoted to the arguments for and against the eliminative version of ontic structural realism (OSR). This part continues the critical analysis of non-eliminative versions of OSR that attempt to find an ontological compromise between structures and objects. Since A. Chakravartty's semirealism concentrates on causal properties and declares its proximity to the entity realism of J. Hacking, the paper criticizes the manipulative criterion of existence. Then the constructive structural realism of T. Cao is considered in detail. He recognizes the reality of both individual entities and structures, which he divides depending on what is primary — elements or structures. Then my version of the relationship between structures and entities is presented. Firstly, two concepts are divided according to their content: “object” and “entity”. Second, to solve the problem of causality, I suggest that the nature of entities and structures lie in their ability to act. It is this ability that I propose to use instead of the popular concepts of "causal powers", "causal properties" or "dispositions". Third, instead of a rigid alternative to ontological primitives – either essence, or causal relations, or structures – the concept of ontological pluralism and inherited existence is proposed. There each entity is represented as a derivative of another structure and, in turn, creates other entities and structures. Thus, both structures and entities at each level of the complexity hierarchy partially inherit the ability to act and a certain degree of existence from the structures and entities of the previous levels. Finally, I am trying to clarify the modal aspects of the OSR. Following the popular interpretations of quantum theory, the ability to act, and hence the existence of structures and entities, are considered separately in two worlds – potential and actual ones. The potential world consists of possible entities and possible structures that are incompatible in the actual world, but that have a certain degree of predisposition to actual existence. Accordingly, the actual world consists of many actualized entities and structures. The transition from the potential world to the actual one is presented as a primitive metaphysical event. In conclusion, I show how metaphysical speculations can be illustrated in the language of quantum information.