Article
Эволюционная модель шумпетерианской конкуренции на сетевом рынке и оценка эффективности различных налоговых режимов (на примере российского рынка мобильной связи)
Тhe objects of the tax control in Russia and China are the same. But the instruments used by these countries are different.
At first In China the tax control is more extensive. Secondly the responsibility in China is more strict than in Russia.
At the same time notions and theory of tax control seems to be more developed in Russia. Russian legislation is codified. However it’s much less effective even if in Russia there are much more instruments of tax control.
As the result in the perspective of BRICS on the first steps of its creation we can adopt the strongest features of the other BRICS countries to improve the law systems.
The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the specificity of application of the legislation on taxes and duties of the Russian Federation in the area of taxation of precious metals. On the basis of court practice author makes the conclusion that the objects of taxation in accordance with the tax on mineral extraction in the extraction of precious metals are concentrates and other products containing precious metals.
The article deals with one of the most complex issues of the theory of tax law. The author reveals the concept of "legal construction of taxes", analyses the elements thereof. The article draws attention to the analysis and delimitation of neighboring and similar concepts such as "elements of taxation" and others.
Key words: legal construction of taxes and charges, elements of taxes and charges, elementary composition of taxes and charges, dynamic elements of taxes.
This collection contains reports presented by the participants for taking part in the Annual International Conference "Evolution of the World Trade System: problems and prospects". The Conference was held in Saint Petersburg on October 29-30, 2015.
An evolutionary principle in relation to the economic circuit-flow theory is investigated
The legal strategy of the future is reached in daily law-enforcement practice of China. The analysis within comparative jurisprudence is in many respects predetermined by its functions which are setting target orientation and vectors of studying, comparison, an assessment. Problems of legal distinctions of Russia and China from the point of view of opportunities of their overcoming are obvious. In this context it is possible to speak about distinctions, and not only about temporary and long-term, but also about the ineradicable.
Certainly, the emphasis on comparison only laws leaves other phenomena of legal life in a shadow: sources of law, state institutes, legal establishments, application of law, legal education and science. Obviously, it is necessary to carry that is a question not of an one-stage look, and of difficult informative process of its intensive development to the positive moments of the carried-out analysis of the current legislation of China.
Beer was the drink of choice in many ancient societies and throughout the past centuries in large parts of the world. Right now, it is globally by far the most important alcoholic drink, in volume and value terms. The largest brewing companies have developed into global multinationals. The beer market is characterized by strong growth in emerging economies, by a substantial decline of (per capita) beer consumption in traditional markets, and a shift to new products. There has been a strong interaction between governments (politics) and markets (economics) in the beer industry. For centuries, taxes on beer or its raw materials were a major source of tax revenue for governments. Governments have also regulated the beer industry for reasons related to quality, health, and competition. The beer market is not only an interesting sector to study in itself but also yields important general economic insights. This book is the first economic analysis of the beer market and brewing industry. It comprises a comprehensive and unique set of economic research and analysis on the economics of beer and brewing. The various chapters cover economic history and development, demand and supply, trade and investment, geography and scale economies, technology and innovation, health and nutrition, quantity and quality, industrial organization and competition, taxation and regulation, and regional beer market developments.
The paper examines the structure, governance, and balance sheets of state-controlled banks in Russia, which accounted for over 55 percent of the total assets in the country's banking system in early 2012. The author offers a credible estimate of the size of the country's state banking sector by including banks that are indirectly owned by public organizations. Contrary to some predictions based on the theoretical literature on economic transition, he explains the relatively high profitability and efficiency of Russian state-controlled banks by pointing to their competitive position in such functions as acquisition and disposal of assets on behalf of the government. Also suggested in the paper is a different way of looking at market concentration in Russia (by consolidating the market shares of core state-controlled banks), which produces a picture of a more concentrated market than officially reported. Lastly, one of the author's interesting conclusions is that China provides a better benchmark than the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe by which to assess the viability of state ownership of banks in Russia and to evaluate the country's banking sector.
The paper examines the principles for the supervision of financial conglomerates proposed by BCBS in the consultative document published in December 2011. Moreover, the article proposes a number of suggestions worked out by the authors within the HSE research team.
The paper studies a problem of optimal insurer’s choice of a risk-sharing policy in a dynamic risk model, so-called Cramer-Lundberg process, over infinite time interval. Additional constraints are imposed on residual risks of insureds: on mean value or with probability one. An optimal control problem of minimizing a functional of the form of variation coefficient is solved. We show that: in the first case the optimum is achieved at stop loss insurance policies, in the second case the optimal insurance is a combination of stop loss and deductible policies. It is proved that the obtained results can be easily applied to problems with other optimization criteria: maximization of long-run utility and minimization of probability of a deviation from mean trajectory.