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Ученый-боец: Чан Найчжоу и его книга о боевом искусстве
The article explores the theoretical foundations, practical techniques and social context of the
martial art school created in the late 18th century by Chang Naizhou, a native of Henan рrov. An
educated man, Chang left a detailed description of the principles and methods of his school. The
legacy of Chang Naizhou and the emergence of a large number of enthusiasts of martial arts
among the educated elite of society indicates the formation in Qing China a new synthesis of elite
and popular culture, which combined the traditions of Confucianism, Taoist and Buddhist self-
cultivation and the folklore motifs. A stratum of professional fighters emerged, closely integrated
both with the local society and its paramilitary formations (self-defense units, sworn brother-
hoods, associations of participants in temple festivals, schools of martial arts, etc.) and the ruling
elite of the empire and its military administration.
At the heart of Chang Naizhou's method is the concept of configurations of force (shi 势), which
are created by the action of the vital energy of the organism (so-called qi 气) and in turn
strengthen and direct this action. The primary substrate of this energy is the so-called "centered
qi", which in the spiritual-somatic practice of martial arts generates a great variety of properties
and qualities of life experience and makes possible the unity of consciousness and physical body.
The force in this case is the result of an interaction of the polar elements of Being. Chang Naizhou
introduces many original concepts and techniques of martial art, but his outlook is determined by
the common arsenal of Chinese tradition. Thus, his school reflected the nature of the whole Chi-
nese civilization: the diversity of forms rooted in a comprehensive structural unity.