Участие национальных меньшинств в публичных делах государства: немецкий опыт и инструментарий

Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения. 2022. Т. 18. № 3. С. 125–136.

Суханов К. А.

There are four officially recognized national minorities in addition to citizens of German nationality, who inhabit on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany (hereinafter - FRG) as well: Danes, Frisians, Sorbians, Sinti and Roma. At the same time, the interstate agreements of the FRG have the references to other ethnic groups, which the state could also recognize as national minorities. However, the Basic Law of the FRG does not contain norms on ethnic communities, implying their protection within the general constitutional provisions. The legal practice of lands, where national minorities predominantly reside, is different, including in terms of the instruments of their participation in public affairs.

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the German model of the determination and protection of national minorities on the example of the practice of their involvement in participation in public affairs of the state. Tasks: to characterize of the right to participation of national minorities in public affairs; to study of the specifics of the determination of national minorities in the FRG; to research characteristics and development of the constitutional and legal status of national minorities of the FRG; to study of the forms of participation of German national minorities in public life; to identify features and differences in the situation of national minorities.

Methods: dialectical, epistemological, philosophical, formal-logical, system-structural, comparative-legal, historical-legal.

Conclusions: the specific features of the German model of the determination and protection of national minorities are: general adherence to the provisions of international legal acts on national minorities; the traditional concept of determining national minorities based on the autochthonous nature of ethnic communities; the absence of special federal norms on the protection of national minorities due to the derivative nature of their rights from universal human rights; the predominance of land legal practice of constitutional and legal regulation of the status of national minorities.

Keywords: Рамочная конвенция о защите национальных меньшинств, advisory bodies, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Ethnic Associations, Commissioner for the Rights of National Minorities, Sinti and Roma, этнические объединения, консультативные органы, уполномоченный по правам национальных меньшинств, синти и рома