A new type of non‑Hermitian phase transition in open systems far from thermal equilibrium

Scientific Reports. 2021. Vol. 11. Article 24054.

Sergeev T. T., Zyablovsky A. A., Andrianov E. S., Pukhov A. A., Yu. E. Lozovik, Vinogradov A. P.

We demonstrate a new type of non-Hermitian phase transition in open systems far from thermal equilibrium, which can have place in the absence of an exceptional point. This transition takes place in coupled systems interacting with reservoirs at different temperatures. We show that the spectrum of energy flow through the system caused by the temperature gradient is determined by the φ4-potential. Meanwhile, the frequency of the maximum in the spectrum plays the role of the order parameter. The phase transition manifests itself in the frequency splitting of the spectrum of energy flow at a critical point, the value of which is determined by the relaxation rates and the coupling strength. Near the critical point, fluctuations of the order parameter diverge according to a power law with the critical exponent that depends only on the ratio of reservoirs temperatures. The phase transition at the critical point has the non-equilibrium nature and leads to the change in the energy flow between the reservoirs. Our results pave the way to manipulate the heat energy transfer in the coupled out-of-equilibrium systems.

Keywords: phase transitions, фазовые переходы, open quantum systems, открытые квантовые системы, non-Hermitian systems, неэрмитовы системы

Publication based on the results of: Mathematical modeling of transfer processes in complex physical systems, including quantum ones (2021)