Три царства права: теоретические модели действительности и действенности права

Вестник Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований. Гуманитарные и общественные науки. 2021. № 3. С. 93–104.

Тимошина Е. В., Васильева Н. С., Кондуров В. Е., Краевский А. А.

Notions of validity and efficacy of law have long been in the spotlight of jurisprudence, but the discussion on the respective issues is of a circular nature. We propose to systematize the existing approaches to legal validity on the basis of two criteria: 1) foundation of validity and 2) relation between validity and efficacy. This allows us to highlight normative and metanormative models (with further subdivision), as well as monistic and dualistic models, respectively. The variety of legal validity-efficacy models can be reduced to three types, which correspond to three aspects of legal phenomenon: ideal-normative, psychological, and behavioral. Using K. Popper’s theory of three worlds and G. Frege’s concept of three realms as a methodological basis, we construct a synthetic theory of legal validity based on the interconnection of the three modes of existence of law—actual human behavior (efficacy of law), psychological experiences of the binding force of law (legitimacy of law), as well as norms and values as ideal objects (ideal validity). The integration of ideal validity, legitimacy and efficacy of law also allows us to synthesize a general notion of systemic validity, which reflects the existence of law in all three worlds (realms).

Keywords: Gottlob Frege, Готлоб Фреге, юридический позитивизм, правовой реализм, validity of law, действительность права, Karl Popper, Карл Поппер, действенность права, legal validity, natural law theory, efficacy of law, legal effectiveness, legitimacy of law, legal positivism, legal realism, легитимность права, естественно-правовой подход