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July 2, 2026
Researchers Discover How Spelling Errors Slow Down Reading in Russian
Psycholinguists from the Centre for Language and Brain at HSE University–St Petersburg have shown that words that are frequently misspelled are processed more slowly by readers, even when presented with the correct spelling. The researchers confirmed this effect for the first time using Russian-language materials and found that response speed is most strongly linked to how confidently individuals can distinguish the correct spelling of a word from an incorrect one. The study has been published in The Mental Lexicon.
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Europium is a rare-earth metal responsible for the pure red glow in displays and other luminescent materials. For a long time, however, it refused to emit light when surrounded by certain organic molecules known as acylpyrazolone ligands. Chemists have now uncovered the reason: in europium complexes with these ligands, a 'black window' appears—a charge-transfer state in which the energy absorbed by the ligand is dissipated as heat rather than emitted as light. Understanding this mechanism opens the way to designing more efficient red-emitting materials for displays, fluorescent thermometers, and chemical sensors. The results have been published in Dalton Transactions.

 

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Changes in the Model of Municipal System in Russia

P. 1–15.
Shubenkova A. Y.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia adopted the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Governance, and introduced comprehensive local legislature. Initially high level of local autonomy was progressively limited within a wide-scale local reform of the mid-2000s. Regional and federal authorities received the power to decide on the design of local political system, configuration of local political elite, and the amount of municipal responsibilities and resources. The ultimate changes were implemented by constitutional amendments in 2020, which inbuilt municipal system into the political power vertical in Russia.

Language: English
DOI
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Keywords: local administrationmunicipal governance

In book

Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (Living Edition)
Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (Living Edition)
Cham: Springer, 2019.
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