Фольклор как объект правовой охраны: проблемы фиксации и развитие механизмов защиты в международном и российском праве

Труды по интеллектуальной собственности. 2026. Т. 57. № 2. С. 8–19.

Войниканис Е. А., Monakhov V., Katkova M.

The article examines theoretical and legal problems arising in the protection of folklore as a component of intangible cultural heritage. Three core issues are identified: the tension between the fixation of folklore required for legal protection and its intrinsic variability; the conflict between copyright protection of performances and the cultural-legal protection of folkloric elements; and the absence of selection criteria for national and international registers. The article traces the history of UNESCO–WIPO cooperation in the field of traditional cultural expressions, from the 1967 Stockholm Conference to the ongoing negotiations within the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee (IGC). It analyses the current draft articles on the protection of traditional cultural expressions, focusing on the model of differentiated protection based on the nature of the expression and the concept of “collective exclusive rights” for beneficiary communities. The article argues that performance should be protected not as an independent object but as an integral part of the relevant folkloric element. It concludes that Russia's accession to the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage would constitute a meaningful step toward a comprehensive national strategy for the legal protection of folklore.

Keywords: ЮНЕСКО, folklore, фольклор, ВОИС, UNESCO, intangible cultural heritage, нематериальное культурное наследие, SDG, ЦУР, WIPO, ethnocultural property, safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, этнокультурное достояние, охрана нематериального культурного наследия