Intensity correlations in decoy-state BB84 quantum key distribution systems

Optica Quantum. 2025. Vol. 3. No. 5. P. 417–431.

Daniil Trefilov, Sixto X., Zapatero V., Huang A., Curty M., Makarov V.

The decoy-state method is a prominent approach to enhance the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems that operate with weak coherent laser sources. Due to the limited transmissivity of single photons in optical fiber, current experimental decoy-state QKD setups increase their secret key rate by raising the repetition rate of the transmitter. However, this usually leads to correlations between subsequent optical pulses. This phenomenon leaks information about the encoding settings, including the intensities of the generated signals, which invalidates a basic premise of decoy-state QKD. Here we characterize intensity correlations between the emitted optical pulses in two industrial prototypes of decoy-state BB84 QKD systems and show that they significantly reduce the asymptotic key rate. In contrast to what has been conjectured, we experimentally confirm that the impact of higher-order correlations on the intensity of the generated signals can be much higher than that of nearest-neighbor correlations.

Keywords: квантовая криптография, Quantum key distribution, quantum communication systems vulnerabilities, уязвимости систем квантовой связи, квантовое распределение ключей, quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, quantum hacking