Assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions in the oil supply chains at refineries in the countries of the northern region of Europe

Energy. 2025. No. 334. Article 137585.

Klepikov V. P., Klepikova L. V., Hammoudeh S.

The majority of European oil refining occurs in the countries of the northern region. The purpose of this study is to determine the volume of CO2 emissions at all stages of the supply chain and identify opportunities to reduce the emissions during the oil delivery. This work has developed a methodology for determining CO2 emissions from production to oil refining at northern Europe refineries.

Using this oil supply chain methodology, CO2 emissions are studied at all stages of the supply chain at oil refineries in the energy complex of the northern region of Europe. The data relates the volumes of oil supplies from 21 exporting countries to 47 refineries in the countries of the region, as well as the domestic production and refining of oil by those countries. The approach made it possible to identify opportunities for reducing emissions in elements of supply chains associated with oil transportation.

Keywords: pipeline, tanker, Refinery, Oil supply chains, carbon emission intensity, : : Oil supply chain, refinery, pipeline, tanker, carbon emission intensity