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Развитие принципа "загрязнитель платит" в международном экологическом праве
This article traces the development of the “polluter pays” principle in international environmental law from its inception to the present day. The principle is based on the economic impact on the polluter, which can be either a state or a business entity. The author identifies four stages in its development and analyses their features: the emergence of the “polluter pays” principle and the formation of the economic approach (1972–1996); the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol and the development of market-based tools within the economic approach (1997–2014); the adoption of the Paris Agreement as a stimulus for the development of international environmental standards (2015–2016); and the current stage (2017–present). Initially reflected in non-binding norms, the “polluter pays” principle was later incorporated into international environmental protection treaties and took on several new models of implementation. The author pays special attention to the rapid expansion of market-based models for its application, such as changes in a company’s financial indicators due to investor reactions to its compliance with environmental standards, and analyzes their impact on the development of the principle's concept and international environmental law as a whole. Based on an analysis of binding and non-binding international acts, the article presents a classification of models for implementing the “polluter pays” principle, depending on whether the norm is binding or advisory and whether the polluter is a state or a business entity. The author concludes that the interaction between economics and law in international environmental law will continue, as market mechanisms for influencing polluters have demonstrated high efficiency as “conduits” for integrating international environmental standards into business practices.