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International Symposium on Functional Neuroimaging: Basic Research and Clinical Applications. Abstracts
The “International Symposium on Functional Neuroimageing: Basic Research and Clinical Applications” took place at the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education on May 22nd-24th, 2012. The aim of the symposium was to contribute to implementation of neuroimaging methods in Russia and to familiarize Russian researchers, students and everyone interested with the modern methods of visualization of human brain processes. Russian research groups are only starting such researches and that is why the symposium was a prominent event for the Russian science.
The problem of non-invasive preoperative localization of motor areas in human cortex has not been solved yet. In clinical practice, localization of the hand representation in the primary motor cortex often becomes one of the main goals of the pre-surgical evaluation. In healthy subjects the area of the motor hand representation usually corresponds to certain standard anatomical landmarks (hand knob in the precentral gyrus), which can be easily found in sMRI images. Unfortunately, in patients with various brain lesions these landmarks may be absent or not corresponding to the area of the motor cortex. In such cases, location of irreplacable areas must be determined according to their functional and/or temporal dynamical characteristics.
It might become a promising method of localizing primary motor area by way of taking into account the characteristic properties of the primary motor cortex temporal dynamics during movement preparation.
Key characteristics of non-fluent (Broca, motor) aphasia are, among others, verb finding difficulties and effortful speech output. These characteristics are related to different levels of speech production (lexical retrieval and motor execution). This study was aimed at identifying normative brain activation related to verb production in healthy individuals, as well as patterns of its reorganization depending on the locus of the linguistic deficit in patients with non-fluent aphasia.
The distractive effects on attentional task performance in different paradigms are analyzed in this paper. I demonstrate how distractors may negatively affect (interference effect), positively (redundancy effect) or neutrally (null effect). Distractor effects described in literature are classified in accordance with their hypothetical source. The general rule of the theory is also introduced. It contains the formal prediction of the particular distractor effect, based on entropy and redundancy measures from the mathematical theory of communication (Shannon, 1948). Single- vs dual-process frameworks are considered for hypothetical mechanisms which underpin the distractor effects. Distractor profiles (DPs) are also introduced for the formalization and simple visualization of experimental data concerning the distractor effects. Typical shapes of DPs and their interpretations are discussed with examples from three frequently cited experiments. Finally, the paper introduces hierarchical hypothesis that states the level-fashion modulating interrelations between distractor effects of different classes.
This article describes the expierence of studying factors influencing the social well-being of educational migrants as mesured by means of a psychological well-being scale (A. Perrudet-Badoux, G.A. Mendelsohn, J.Chiche, 1988) previously adapted for Russian by M.V. Sokolova. A statistical analysis of the scale's reliability is performed. Trends in dynamics of subjective well-being are indentified on the basis the correlations analysis between the condbtbions of adaptation and its success rate, and potential mechanisms for developing subjective well-being among student migrants living in student hostels are described. Particular attention is paid to commuting as a factor of adaptation.