Book
Strategic Deals in Emerging Capital Markets. Are There Efficiency Gains for Firms in BRIC Countries?
The industrial development of emerging markets has been a powerful driver for mergers and acquisitions. The contributions collected in this book assess major M&A deals in the largest emerging capital markets (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and their role in shareholder value creation in the markets’ specific business environments. In addition, the book explores various dimensions of M&A deals in order to summarize the main trends in corporate control markets in the largest emerging countries, and how they differ from those in developed countries; to identify deal-performance relationships and the determinants of success or failure; to reveal the drivers for the premium in M&A deals; and to capture market responses to different M&A strategies. By doing so, the book makes a significant contribution to the literature, which has to date largely focused on developed markets.
The literature on M&As provides ample evidence for the variability of premiums paid in M&As deals over time and in different types of deals. Most work has been done on the data from developed markets. Using a sample of M&A deals in the largest emerging markets (BRIC) for 2000–2015, we examine three types of factors (acquirer characteristics, target characteristics, deal characteristics). To measure the premium, the event studies method is used, therefore the data on cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) is adjusted to the market movements in each respective country. We focus on three levels of acquired stakes (>25%, >50% and 100%). The study contributes to a deeper understanding the differences in the size of premiums among the countries and the interaction of the main determinants which influence the magnitude of the premium. The regression results document positive drivers of the size of the premium including, the percentage of the stake and industry relatedness. Besides these stylized determinants, the premium increases if the deal is made in a crisis year and by a domestic bidder. The negative determinants include the target size, its financial leverage and the pre-bid stake of the acquirer (toehold).
In recent years corporate international diversification has become a widely used growth strategy for companies from both developed and emerging markets. Nevertheless, academic papers provide contradictory results on whether the influence of international diversification on firm performance is positive or negative. This chapter presents the results of an empirical analysis of corporate international diversification – performance relationship on a sample of companies from BRIC countries, which expanded geographically in 2005-2015. We contribute to the existing literature by applying a new methodology to identify the performance effects of corporate international diversification based on an economic profit measure. The results indicate that there is a non-linear relationship between the degree of international diversification and economics profit spread. Additionally, for BRIC companies international diversification on average does not have a significant impact on expected long term performance, measured by Tobin’s Q.
This chapter contributes to the literature on M&A performance by examining the impact of M&A deals on company value over the long-run in developed and emerging economies. Examining a sample of 153 and 125 deals from Western European and emerging capital markets respectively, 2002-2013, and employing economic profit as a performance measure,we find that transactions in developed markets create more value for shareholders than M&As in emerging economies over the two-year period surrounding the deals. After adjustments for industry trends, economic profit significantly decreases for firms in emerging capital markets, taking negative values, while for companies in developed markets we observe insignificant improvements in economic profit values following acquisitions. These results indicate that companies in emerging capital markets cannot achieve the planned synergies, integrate successfully and improve the performance of the combined firms. We find that industry and geographical diversification influence the performance of M&A deals in emerging and developed countries respectively. We also find that the effects on company value differ for stock and cash deals, and for high- and low-tech transactions in both markets. Testing the impact of economic crisis of 2007-2008 on the performance of M&A deals we reveal that the adjusted economic profit does not differ significantly between pre- and post-crisis M&As.
Researchers have long tried to define the impact of corporate diversification on firm value. Academic papers mainly concentrate on the effects of corporate diversification in mature markets while its consequences in emerging capital markets are less explored. This article presents the results of an empirical analysis of corporate diversification strategies of a sample of companies from BRIC countries that expanded via acquisitions during 2000–2013. We contribute to the existing literature by examining the effects of corporate diversification on firm value during the pre- and post-crisis periods. In line with other studies, we distinguish between related and unrelated diversification and in contrast to them we single out and separately analyze horizontal, conglomerate and vertical acquisitions. Based on a sample of 319 deals initiated by companies from BRIC countries, we found positive (3.32% and 9.01%) and statistically significant cumulative abnormal returns for conglomerate acquisitions during the pre- and post-crisis periods, correspondingly. We also found that the market reacts positively and statistically significant to the announcements of horizontal and vertical integration only during the pre-crisis period.
This chapter surveys the recent trends in the literature on the performance of M&A deals in developed and emerging capital markets. This literature is voluminous, diverse and challenging. We focus on the transactions within one country – domestic M&As – in particular focusing on the methods that the researchers use to estimate whether M&A deals promote efficiency gains or not. We discuss the research instruments which allow an assessment of the effects of M&As on firm operating performance and on firm value. Analysing the results of latest empirical studies we reveal that target shareholders gain significantly in M&A deals. The evidence suggests that in most cases acquiring shareholders receive negative or insignificant returns in the short-run in developed capital markets, while in emerging economies acquiring shareholders mostly gain in M&A deals. Operating performance analysis reveals mixed results in developed and emerging capital markets, while the analysis of papers which use value performance indicators show the destruction of company value due to M&As in developed and emerging capital markets. The review also analyses studies that examine the relationship between different methods.
This research develops an approach to synergy analysis in domestic Russian mergers and acquisitions (M&As), tests potential success factors, and evaluates two types of operating and three types of financial synergies. This chapter makes two primary contributions to the literature. First, this chapter is related to the recent research that investigates M&As in emerging markets. Our chapter is unique in that we study domestic Russian M&As based on long-term firm accounting data. This approach captures private companies and small deals that make up the majority of the Russian M&A market. The second contribution is to estimate the structure of operating and financial synergies for every deal and test the significance of potential success factors. The scope is limited to domestic Russian M&As closed between January 2006 and September 2015. The sample is based on the Mergermarket database and includes 171 deals. Our analysis shows that after M&As, firms achieve −0.1% capital expenditure efficiency and −0.2% operating margin compared to the industry benchmark. Deals lead to 11.7% abnormal reduction of capital expenditures and cause 3.1% cost of debt growth. Deals create small tax benefits: the median for the whole sample is 87.5 million rubles, or 1.4% of the median deal value.
In Section 2.5 of monograph “The development of the BRICS countries in the global space: the potential of cooperation and trends of economic processes”, the object of study are the national banking system of the BRIC countries in the period 2007-2009, a very stressful time for the entire world banking community. Annual reports of central banks selected indicators of the World Bank report were used. The section 3.1 of monograph “The development of the BRICS countries in the global space: the potential of cooperation and trends of economic processes” discusses issues of innovative development of the BRICS in the global space. The factors of innovation sphere BRICS and performances of these countries in international rankings of competitiveness and innovation are considered.
In a detailed study of 20 newly-privatized Russian enterprises, Igor Gurkov and Shlomo Maital ask two important questions concerning ownership and performance. First, who really controls the newly-privatized enterprises and who is generally thought to control them - are they the same? Second, what is the relationship between the type of control - in particular, does one form of control lead to superior performance?
The authors find that, for nearly half of the firms, managers were perceived to be the real owners and controllers. But this perception is not borne out by reality. In all of the 20 companies surveyed, across a variety of industries, 51 per cent or more of the stock was found to be distributed among the employees. The implications of this situation for Western firms seeking partners with Russian privatized enterprises is spelled out.
This article is intended to summarize the key works on Quality Management in order to obtain a unified theoretical basis. Applicability to Russian companies is discussed. Differences between the classic quality paradigm and the TQM ideas are focused and studied thoroughly. Basing on the most recognized works of Crosby, Juran and Deming, the history of Quality Management ideas development is shown. Mechanisms of impact of implemented quality management systems on company results are shown, since it is required in order to perform an empirical study of quality management effectiveness. Also several aims for empirical studies are proposed. Possibility of Quality Management implementation for Russian companies is also discussed.
Along with the fast growing economy, the term «BRICs» was coined to represent the newly emerging countries — Brazil, Russia, India and China. The enhanced economy in these countries has largely improved peoples life; at the same time, it has also strongly influenced the transformation of social structure, norms and values. However, as the worlds attention centers on their economic development at the micro level, the social changes at the micro level have often been neglected, and a specific comparative study of these four countries is even more rare. This handbooks contributing authors are leading sociologists in the four countries. They fill the gap in existing literature and examine specifically the changes in each society from the perspective of social stratification, with topics covering the main social classes, the inequality of education and income, and the different styles of consumption as well as the class consciousness and values. Under every topic, it gathers articles from authors of each country. Such a comparative study could not only help us achieve a better understanding of the economic growth and social development in these countries, but also lead us to unveil the mystery of how these emerging powers with dramatic differences in history, geography, culture, language, religion and politics could share a common will and take joint action. In general, the handbook takes a unique perspective to show readers that it is the profound social structural changes in these countries that determine their future, and to a large extent, will shape the socio-economic landscape of the future world.
Тhe article describes the unifying role of scientific and technological progress in the global economy, in which it is one of the most significant factors at the present time ofglobal international integration.
Building long-term customer relations plays a pivotal role in contemporary management practice. Customer relationship management process in a company involves various different actors ranging from top management to line-level employees. One of the key areas of it is related to the utilization of corporate CRM system which serves as crucial information source in providing better customer insight. This article explores directions for improving the use of CRM system through analyzing the gaps between its perception by managers and sales representatives in a multinational pharmaceutical company. The field research is based on a quantitative data from online questionnaires. The sample consists of 219 representatives based in four emerging markets. These initial findings could be useful for other pharmaceutical companies in emerging markets.
The paper examines the structure, governance, and balance sheets of state-controlled banks in Russia, which accounted for over 55 percent of the total assets in the country's banking system in early 2012. The author offers a credible estimate of the size of the country's state banking sector by including banks that are indirectly owned by public organizations. Contrary to some predictions based on the theoretical literature on economic transition, he explains the relatively high profitability and efficiency of Russian state-controlled banks by pointing to their competitive position in such functions as acquisition and disposal of assets on behalf of the government. Also suggested in the paper is a different way of looking at market concentration in Russia (by consolidating the market shares of core state-controlled banks), which produces a picture of a more concentrated market than officially reported. Lastly, one of the author's interesting conclusions is that China provides a better benchmark than the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe by which to assess the viability of state ownership of banks in Russia and to evaluate the country's banking sector.
The paper examines the principles for the supervision of financial conglomerates proposed by BCBS in the consultative document published in December 2011. Moreover, the article proposes a number of suggestions worked out by the authors within the HSE research team.