Book
Innovative Business Models for the Middle of the Pyramid in Emerging Markets
In this book we study innovations for the middle of the pyramid, focusing on the experience of middle income countries in Latin America. This middle income segment, which is middle by the standards of emerging markets although low by the standards of advanced economies, has grown steadily in the last few decades and has become an attractive segment for firms to serve. These middle income countries in Latin America are a laboratory for understanding this phenomenon because despite being emerging countries, they have a large middle income segment that provide attractive and different opportunities, similarly to other regions like Eastern Europe or the Middle East. Additionally, by focusing on a region that has a common political, social and economic history we are able to draw cross-country conclusions more easily, while at the same time benefit from a variety of experiences and innovations that have appeared in multiple countries.
The book is based on case studies and examples of firms that have created innovations for the middle of the pyramid. The cases are detailed analyses of exemplar firms that have introduce innovations to address some of the most intractable challenges of emerging markets and that have been successful at creating a business proposition of something that was commonly addressed by the government or by non-for-profit organizations. The examples are presented within a general framework that provides detailed statistics of the challenge to help explain how the challenge can nevertheless become a large business opportunity for some entrepreneurial managers.
The book can provide useful and new insights to managers of both emerging economies who want to serve their growing middle classes that until recently were being served in the informal economy, as well as to managers of multinationals from advanced countries who may find that the growing middle classes in emerging economies are a profitable and expanding market segment to serve.
In this chapter, we dissect a series of case studies of MNCs who developed innovative business models overcoming geographical, infrastructural and social-cultural challenges and exploitingthe opportunity reflected in the social-commercial connectedness of the middle-income customers and the largest and most lucrative retail channel in the LAC emerging market – the traditional one. With our analysis we display how innovators incorporate previously ill-collaborating players, such as financial institutions, technology companies, (none)-governmental and (none)-profitorganizations,in their models producing benefits primarily for the MoPcustomers and retailers as crucial partners.Their models expand company´s value chains to the traditional retailers increasing their productivity gains through the provision of technology and modern retail practices, yielding a powerful impact on them and their communities. They employ and train locals with deep knowledge about the needs and aspirations of local communities, as well as access to rural, lower-income consumersout of reach of modern retailers, contributing tojob creation and MoP member´s income and improved quality of life. Innovative enterprises, thus, master multiple distribution schemes to bring an optimal range of products and services to those communities efficiently achieving distribution and overall business excellence as well as social impact.
In this chapter, we analyze the development, functioning and the effectiveness of business models innovator companies and managers use to champion the business opportunity reflected in the rising number of financially excluded people climbing the LAC middle-of-the-pyramid stratum from its bottom. These models intertwine economic and social objectives aiming primarily to improve the lives and financially include the new MoP members enabling their ¨dream purchases¨ deemed essential in the developed world, while simultaneously securing own scalability and profitability of stakeholders across the business ecosystem entailing financial institutions and consumer goods sellers. We use a series of case studies to show how these models simultaneously optimize social and financial returns through interchangeable use of stakeholder’s resources and capabilities and clear alignment of their interests rather than seeking trade-offs between the two. Hence, we demonstrate how financial institutions absorb consumer goods companies into the value chain as distributors of their (financial) products and services to middle-income segments using the company’s existing distribution channels and their reputation in terms of the MoP´s trust they possess. Oppositely, consumer goods companies expand their own offers with, for them unorthodox financial tools and services, financially formalizing and including MoP members while at the same time increasing their customer-focus flexibility and sales. Finally, we provide lessons and recommendations on how to develop inclusive businesses achieving direct developmental impacts through the provision of essential goods, services, and jobs, unlocking new forms of innovation and entrepreneurial activity critical to accelerating inclusive growth of emerging markets.
This paper reviews the theory of Credit Default Swaps (CDS), the main characteristics of the CDS market, and how to estimate the non-default component of the yield spreads as the basis between the actual CDS premium and the hypothetical CDS premium implied by bond yields. We then analyze the most liquid CDS on Russian companies and compute the relative CDS-Bond basis from 2005 till 2010, paying particular attention to the period when a short selling ban was into effect in Russian financial markets from September 18, 2008 till June 15, 2009. We found that, while the basis was mainly negative before the ban, it then became largely positive during the period the ban was enforced. After the ban was lifted, the basis has started to decrease but still remains positive for all companies examined. This evidence therefore seems to support the hypothesis that a positive basis can be justified by the difficulty of arbitrage caused by short selling costs
The capacity for transformation and advancement of the world economy itself by a group of countries belonging to the emerging economies has been a topic of intense discussion in world forums. Even as news of the losing shimmer of the emerging economies is being spilled to the world, this is where 80% of the world consumers reside, and, therefore, too important to divert attention from. The theme of the 2014 Annual Conference of the Emerging Marketing Conference Board hosted by Centre for Marketing in Emerging Economies of IIM Lucknow, supported by the Academy of Indian Marketing – Listening to Consumers of Emerging Markets is an eminent testimony to this important fact.
JAGDISH N SHETH, PHD
Emory University Founder, Academy of Indian Marketing
As there is still no substantial research evidence on the mediating effect of innovativeness on market orientation – performance link in emerging economies, our study aims to close this gap. Following existing theory, direct and indirect effects of market orientation on firm performance are being tested. The model includes moderating effect of product innovativeness. The paper aims at adding to existing theory on the role of firm innovativeness in driving firm performance with the focus on product innovation. Product innovation is in center of attention for emerging economies, while Russia is rather loosing positions in producing innovative offerings in comparison to other BRIC economies. The study is based on empirical survey of 204 Russian innovative firms with multiple respondents approach, resulting in 331 qualified respondents. The results confirm existing differences, depending on the level of product innovativeness, as well as illustrate variation in the role of market orientation subdimensions and dimensions of product innovation on firm performance.
The chapter describes the current state of corporate governance in Russia and the dynamics of recent years. Important features of the environment that affect corporate governance include weak legal institutions that lead to high private benefits to control, underdeveloped capital markets, high levels of ownership concentration and significant state involvement in business. In this situation, the main conflict of interest is not between a manager and a large number of dispersed shareholders, but between large and small shareholders, between different large shareholders, and between minority shareholders and managers/board members in state-owned companies. Many of these features are very similar to other emerging markets, but substantially different from conditions faced by firms in developed countries. Despite substantial improvement during the 2000s, the quality of corporate governance in Russia is still much lower than in developed countries, primarily because of the low quality of Russian institutions.
This paper provides empirical analysis of macroeconomic effects of state ownership of banks. The aim is to test one of the key findings of theoretical and empirical literature of 1990s and early 2000s, namely that sizeable state ownership of commercial banks hinders financial development and economic growth. We focus on several large emerging markets including BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and test several specific hypotheses for the period from 1995 through 2009. Our results suggest that positive or negative sign of the government ownership impact on financial intermediation and economic growth is not constant for all times but varies depending on the type of national economy (mature market or emerging market) and, within the emerging markets category, on the level of economic development. The impact is therefore heterogeneous and not homogeneous. This finding is in contrast with the established theory but in line with the most recent empirical literature.
This article evaluates the peculiarities of current corporate ratings systems and addresses specific issues of the development of econometrical rating models for emerging market enterprises. Financial indicators, market-value appraisals, industrial as well as macroeconomic factors of different countries were used as explanatory variables. Ratings of the Standard & Poor's, Moody's Investors Service and Fitch Ratings agencies were considered and used for modelling. The predictive power of the econometrical models was examined. A comparison of the methodologies of the three leading agencies was discussed.
портовый менеджмент, показатели деятельности, анализ эффективности, система учета, распределение издержек, методы анализа деятельности портовой системы
At present many industries reveal tendency for setting up of vertically integrated companies (VIC) the structure of which unites all technological processes. This tendency proved its efficiency in oil industry where coordination of all successive stages of technological process, namely, oil prospecting and production -oil transportation - oil processing - oil chemistry - oil products and oil chemicals marketing, is necessary. The article considers specific features of introduction of "personnel management" module at enterprises of oil and gas industry.
vertically integrated companies; personnel management