Book
Социологический ежегодник 2018
The paper deals with the problem of migration of urban intelligentsia to countryside and production of localities there. Social changes in post-soviet rural space have complex, comprehensive character. Russian intelligentsia is one of the key agents of these changes and transformations. It creates a new forms of locality, which supplements and in some ways opposes the currently existing ones. The main goal of the article is to find appropriate theoretical frameworks to understand and study empirically these processes. The main focus is maid on theoretical heritage of A.Lefebre, A.Appadurai and M.Auge. The paper deals with the problem of migration of urban intelligentsia to countryside and production of localities there. Social changes in post-soviet rural space have complex, comprehensive character. Russian intelligentsia is one of the key agents of these changes and transformations. It creates a new forms of locality, which supplements and in some ways opposes the currently existing ones. The main goal of the article is to find appropriate theoretical frameworks to understand and study empirically these processes. The main focus is maid on theoretical heritage of A.Lefebre, A.Appadurai and M.Auge.
The article discusses the prospects of joint research of sociologists and socio-biologists on the evolution of morality and altruism. Sociologists compare morality and altruism in human society with that in animals behavior can be seen as manifestations of empathy and althruim and of co-existence rules in groups of animals of each biological species. The authors present the current understanding of the evolutionary prehistory of human social behavior. A significant challenge for cooperation activities of sociologists and sociobiologists is the rapid progress of the natural sciences. Discoveries and findings in biology and biologists models often lead to simplistic conclusions, and at the same time the works of sociologists, in which they try to use these innovations, often turns untenable. It is therefore necessary to continue the search for the directions and mechanisms of integration of sociological and sociobiological approaches to such complex phenomena as morality and altruism.
The article discusses general and specific problems of integration methods of the social and natural sciences, in particular sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and sociology methods in the study of emotions. The author argues that the emotion research, first of all moral emotions from the perspective of the evolutionary approach, can serve as a sort of "point", in which it is possible to combine methodological tools of sociology, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and partly neuropsychophysiology to study complex social phenomena as morality and altruism, as well as various kinds of behavior associated with them. The paper discusses the theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of emotions in this way.
The article is focused upon slow reading, its inner structure and its historical fate in context of late modernity. The slow reading is placed into the flow of life activity as a practice incorporated into it and treated as ongoing action aimed at achieving the understanding which includes reconstruction and appropriation of text and context. Various contextual properties and aspects of this practice are considered through such cases as reading scientific and scholarly texts, translating, reading sacred texts, poetry and news. Then contemporary decline of slow reading is discussed in perspective of ecology of occupations and inscribed into general trend of displacement of slow ways of doing by fast ways, connected with domination and expansion of capitalist rationality and ever-increasing advance of capitalist modes of time use in all areas of human life activity.
Problems of translation and interpretation of sociological classics, especially concerning the work by Emile Durkheim “The Elementary Forms of Religious Life” (1912).
The article introduces the new possibilities for the analysis of sociological views of Marx basing on the publication of his manuscripts, excerpts and epistolary heritage provided by the full academic edition of collected works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the original languages (Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, MEGA). It is shown that the manuscripts and original versions of “Capital” contain a number of ideas important for interpretation of sociological views of Marx (a commodity as the own result of the capital; private property as just a legal shell of the bourgeois economic relations; the logic and the stages of technological development on the basis of capital, etc.) which only fragmentary were reflected in the “Capital” itself. After the release of volume 1 (1867) Marx made several attempts to complete the “Сapital”, his preliminary versions of the books 2 and 3 show that he was evident of the core theoretical problems of the concluding parts of the book (such as the analysis of the reproduction of the total capital of the society and the explanation of the average rate of profit on the basis of the labour theory of value), but he never managed to solve them successfully. In the last period of his life Marx sparingly informed even his closest friends on the state and prospects of his work; many important ideas were not understood by them, including Engels who contributed to the formation of the orthodox “materialist understanding of history”. After Marx’s death, partly due to the complexity and difficulty of his theory, partly because of incompleteness of the drafts of the final parts of the “Capital” the Engels’ version of his ideas played an important role, influencing the largely popular interpretations of Marx’s theory. On their base, both the Historical Materialism and its criticism were formed. To enable an adequate perception of the heritage of Marx in the 21th century, the integration into the scientific discourse of those materials which became public only in the last decades is needed.
This article offers the theoretical reconstruction of the treatment of morality by the classic of French and world sociology Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). Based on Durkheim’s texts, the author strives to show that, contrary to some modern interpretations, he was neither an anti-Kantian nor an anti-utilitarian. He constantly criticized both Kant and utilitarianism, but was strongly influenced by both theoretical positions. This influence was both “negative,” as an opposition to these positions, and “positive,” as a sort of their reproduction, continuation and development. Durkheim did not reject Kant’s views and utilitarianism (especially, in its eudemonist version), but relied on them, seeking to realize their theoretical synthesis. The means of such a synthesis was a sociological approach to morality, in which society is treated as an entity that combines duty and good, immanent and transcendent principles in morality. The evolution of Durkheim’s interpretation of the elements, or characteristics of morality, as well as the connection of morality with religion and other social institutions, are considered. The author have analyzed Durkheim’s idea of the autonomy of sacredness in morality, of its irreducibility to the religious sacredness; hence the principal possibility of secular morality. According to Durkheim, morality is of a fundamental importance for society, it underlies all social institutions and social transformations.