Происхождение и классификация политических идеологий: междисциплинарный подход

Политическая наука. 2023. № 1. С. 322–337.

Казаков И. В.

Particular cases of disputes between actors on political issues can be traced to the differences in the ideologies that they follow. In this regard, when analyzing political discourse, it would be useful to attribute individual positions expressed by actors to their ideologies. However, in practice this proves to be difficult due to the shortcomings of the classifications of political ideologies that are used in modern science. These classifications have developed historically, and therefore their applicability is limited to those historical periods and geographical boundaries for which they are relevant. The approaches to ideology that exist in modern political science (e.g. the approach of M. Frieden), although they give useful results, do not properly answer the question of what explains the difference between the ideologies of various groups with claims to power. By answering this question, we get a criterion for a scientific typology of political ideologies. As such a criterion, this article proposes the difference in values that various groups use to justify their claims to power. Values serve as the basis for the construction of political ideologies, and the difference in values of various groups determines the difference in their ideologies. In the article, the qualitative theory of values developed by anthropologists (L. Dumont, J. Robbins) is used. For every private ideology, it is proposed to determine the core value upon which it is constructed. Ideologies that share the same core value are proposed to be grouped into types. The article identifies five possible core political values (kinship, knowledge, power, property, labor) and five corresponding types of ideologies.

Keywords: власть, идеология, values, ценности, классификация, типология, дискурс, ideology, power, typology, критика, classification, discource, critique