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Importing the law? Possible elements of the Mesopotamian legal tradition in New Kingdom Egypt

BAF-Online: Proceedings of the Berner Altorientalisches Forum (Швейцария). 2016. Vol. 1.
Loktionov A.

This contribution draws attention to several features of New Kingdom Egyptian justice (1549-1064BCE) that are not attested earlier. These include:

  • Oracle courts, as attested at Deir el-Medina and elsewhere
  • Increase in severe corporal punishment: for example, mutilation of nose and ears becomes a standard element in oath formulae
  • Detailed protasis-apodosis legal decrees, such as the Karnak Decree of Horemheb (1328-1298BCE) or the Nauri Decree of Seti I (1296-1279).

Reasons to suggest that these developments might be connected to Mesopotamia and/or Semitic law include:

  • “Hyksos” period (1650-1549BCE) immediately prior to New Kingdom
  • Amarna letters/greater exposure to Akkadian in Egypt during New Kingdom
  • Legal associations: Akkadian and Egyptian copies of Ramesses II – Hattusili III treaty (1258BCE), where corporal punishment is a prominent topic
  • Mesopotamian law, and broader scholarship, often associated with protasis-apodosis
  • Mesopotamian law often associated with severe corporal punishment: for instance, see Code of Hammurabi (1792-1750BCE), Middle Assyrian Laws (c.1400-1100BCE) etc.

On the other hand, there are also reasons to argue for a native Egyptian origin to these developments. These are:

  • Were earlier periods truly different, or is this down to chance preservation of sources?
  • Protasis-apodosis has precedents in the Middle Kingdom (2066-1650BCE): for instance, see 2nd Semna stela of Senusret III (1865BCE) or Illahun Medical papyri (c.1800BCE).

Please note that the format of this contribution is a video that is available at this address:

https://tube.switch.ch/switchcast/unibe.ch/events/5e070912-f013-4baf-87f8-4dc3d5b2ab72

Research target: History and Archeology Political Science, International Relations, and Public Administration
Language: English
Full text
DOI
Text on another site
Keywords: Древний ЕгипетAncient EgyptAncient MesopotamiaДревняя Месопотамиямежкультурные связи intercultural communication
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