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September 22, 2026
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Les steppes bouleversées. La grande céréaliculture au nord du Kazakhstan (années 1950-2010)

Etudes Rurales. 2017. Vol. 200. P. 80–105.
Elie M.

Quand en décembre 1991 la Russie, l’Ukraine et la Biélorussie décident de dissoudre l’Union soviétique, les agriculteurs sont pris au dépourvu1. En effet, dans les régions de steppe à la frontière du Kazakhstan et de la Russie, la survie de la grande monoculture céréalière, fournissant 27 % du blé soviétique [de Beurs et Henebry 2004], dépend des investissements du gouvernement central pour l’approvisionnement en machines, engrais et autres intrants, tandis que les circuits de distribution reposent sur une intégration pan-soviétique centrée à Moscou qui se disloque avec l’indépendance. En quelques années, des deux côtés de la frontière, l’agriculture s’effondre.

Les steppes soviétiques entraient ainsi dans une deuxième époque de chamboulement profond, moins d’un demi-siècle après le lancement, en 1954, du programme des « Terres vierges » qui avait suscité une première vague de transformations écologique, démographique et économique d’une immense ampleur. Quarante-cinq millions d’hectares avaient alors été mis en culture et des centaines de milliers de colons s’étaient établis dans les steppes kazakhes, dans des centaines de nouvelles exploitations géantes. Après l’éclatement de l’URSS, le mouvement s’inverse brutalement avec la déprise foncière et l’émigration de centaines de milliers de paysans hors des anciennes Terres vierges

Research target: Social and Economic Geography (including Urban and Transportation Studies) History and Archeology Other Humanities
Language: French
DOI
Keywords: Казахстанистория СССРKazakhstanэкологическая историяenvironmental historyUSSR history
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