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New Information on the Dating of the Murals of St. Nicholas Church in Ribiţa: A Hypothesis

MuseIKON. A Journal of Religious Art and Culture/Revue d’Art et de Culture Religieuse. 2017. No. 1. P. 25–44.
Dragoş Gh. Năstăsoiu, Adashinskaya A.
Editor of translation: V. Agrigoroaei, A. Dumitran

Bien que la restauration de l’église de Ribiţa (région de Hunedoara) eût démarré aux années 1994-1995 et qu’elle soit encore inachevée, les travaux de décapage des peintures murales ont mis en lumière un certain nombre de nouvelles données permettant à formuler certaines hypothèses sur la datation des peintures murales. Poussée par le désir de corriger la lecture erronée – prise comme telle par les historiens de l'art – d’une inscription récemment découverte, l’étude est devenue un examen critique des informations données par les textes slavons conservés dans l'église : de l'inscription de la peinture votive, des inscriptions de nature votive de l’au-dessus et du voisinage immédiat de l’image de Saint Jean-Baptiste (toutes les trois dans le registre inférieur de la paroi sud du naos) et d’une inscription récemment découverte (dans la partie nord de la voûte de l'autel, entre les représentations de deux évangélistes assis). Le caractère fragmentaire de ces inscriptions et l’examen critique de leur contenu ne permettent que de formuler des hypothèses au sujet de la datation de l’ensemble des peintures murales : que ces hypothèses soient confirmées ou non, nous allons le savoir lors de l’achèvement des travaux de décapage, de nettoyage et de restauration des fresques. Le détail de la peinture votive avec l’indication de la date chronologique lue par Silviu Dragomir comme l’année 6925 (=1417) ne figure pas dans la photo d’avant 1930 qui accompagne son étude. Probablement, l'historien roumain s’est basé sur la transcription de l’inscription faite en 1869-1870 par le prêtre de Ribiţa, juste un an avant la publication par Ödön Nemes des informations à propos des fondateurs de l’église et des inscriptions indiquant l'année 1404. L’année de l’inscription fragmentaire de l'autel ne se conserva pas, mais des informations qui existent encore semblent indiquer l’année 1393 comme la date à laquelle on a réalisé au moins la décoration murale de l'autel, sinon toute la peinture de l’église (seulement l’achèvement de la restauration des fresques peut apporter des preuves claires et concluantes pour avancer une formule plus précise au sujet des étapes de la décoration). L'examen épigraphique et paléographique des peintures et des textes de l'église ont indiqué l'existence d'au moins deux « mains » individuelles: l’inscription votive et les inscriptions avoisinées aux images des saints rois hongrois se distinguent à la fois entre elles et par rapport aux autres inscriptions de l'église. Les informations fournies par les quatre inscriptions au caractère votif ont conduit à l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’ensemble des peintures murales a été matérialisé par la volonté de plusieurs donateurs qui ont contribué financièrement (en mesures différentes !) soit simultanément, soit en périodes distinctes: ce qui imprime un caractère cumulatif à l'acte fondateur – chose loin d'être isolée dans les cas des Pays du Criş et du Haţeg.

Research target: Art History
Priority areas: humanitarian
Language: English
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Keywords: epigraphypaleographydonorsOld Church SlavonicSlavic palaeographymural painting
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