Article
Отдача от образования в России и на Украине: сравнительный анализ
The paper is focused on the measuring of return to education. This measure reflects the yield of investments in human capital. The analysis is based on estimation of the modified Mincer’s type equations by means of quantile regressions for panel data. Along with quantile regressions estimation we consider the models of the joint distribution of wage and education duration based on copulas. The methodological approach used in the study allows comparing the significance of the factors included in the model for the wage formation. Also it allows investigating the structure of the relationship between wage and education and answering the question devoted to the following dilemma – in which country return to education was higher after the decade of independent development.
The paper documents the changes in the size of the wage distribution in Russia over the period 1994–2003. Developments in wage inequality varied a lot by sub-periods: overall wage inequality stayed stable in 1994–1996, then it jumped following the 1998 crisis and remained at higher levels for three years. In 2002 the trend reversed again and in the course of a single year wage inequality fell back to the level of the mid-1990s. We find that evolution wage inequality was largely driven by changes in the upper end of the wage distribution. Decomposition of wage inequality by population sub-groups shows that inequality has been higher for men, younger and low-educated workers, and rural inhabitants. The structure of inequality did not change much over the period from 1994 to 2003. Demographic variables (mainly gender and region) explain the largest proportion of wage dispersion (over 40% of the explained variation and 15% of total variation). Nearly equivalent is the contribution of firm characteristics with industry affiliation of employer playing the leading role. Our results show that returns to education continued to rise at all percentiles of the wage distribution converging at the level of about 8–9% of wage increase for an additional year of schooling.
Questions of differentiation of the population on a level of incomes in Republic Mary El are considered. Parameters of a variation and structure of the basic monetary incomes are analyses. Classification of administrative areas on the parameters describing incomes of the population is lead. The analysis of territorial distinctions of the population on levels of incomes is given. For more in-depth study of interrelation of the parameters describing differentiation of incomes of the population of Republic, on everyone allocated cluster are constructed regression models of a degree of influence of the parameters reflecting age structure of the population on a level of monthly average wages, pensions and social payments.
This paper with use of nationally representative data (RMLS-NRU HSE) in 2004-2012 examines the sectoral segregation between immigrant (persons with an immigration background) and native workers and its impact on earning differential in Russia. This is the first study on the micro-level in Russia about sectoral segregation and wage gap between natives and immigrants under its influence.
In this study we analyze the determinants of the choice of sector, estimate earning differences between natives and immigrants, define Duncan index of dissimilarity and measure the impact of sectoral segregation on earning differential between natives and immigrants using Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition.
This article addresses the issue of unobserved heterogeneity in film characteristics influence on box-office. We argue that the analysis of pooled samples, most common among researchers, does not shed light on underlying segmentations and leads to significantly different estimates obtained by researchers running similar regressions for movie success modeling. For instance, it may be expected that a restrictive MPAA rating is a box office poison for a family comedy, whereas it insignificantly influences an action movie’s revenues. Using a finite mixture model we extract two latent groups, the differences between that can be explained in part by the movie genre, the source, the creative type and the production method. On the basis of this result, the authors recommend developing separate movie success models for different segments, rather than adopting an approach, that was commonly used in previous research, when one explanatory or predictive model is developed for the whole sample of movies.
Students’ perception of the labor market makes a great deal in students’ decisions concerning effort to study, work during university studies, etc. The aim of the research is to define whether students identify significant returns on effort with respect to wage after graduation. Moreover, it seems reasonable to single out other factors that students expect to influence their wage significantly. With the use of the data of Russian students’ questionnaire conducted in 2012 within the framework of the Monitor of Economics of Education project the regressions with the use of instrumental variables and stochastic frontier approach are estimated. The results suggest effort is considered as an influential factor in determining wage by Russian students if students’ incomplete awareness about labor market is taken into account. Besides, university quality, abilities, wage received by working students, region, specialty, family’s income and gender make the difference in the amount of wage expected by students. For additional analysis the 20% and 80% quantile regressions are built. According to the results, persons having the highest wage forecasts base them on the amount of wage offered to working students on the labor market and do not correct them subject to their effort, university quality and abilities. At the same time another group of students, keeping similar basis for expectation formation as a previously analyzed group, expect significant contribution of effort and abilities.
Using changes in consumption as a proxy for ‘vulnerability’ we identify the characteristics associated with vulnerability around the time of the 1998 Russian financial crisis. In addition, we examine the role of formal and informal safety nets in preserving individual well being. We apply quantile regression techniques in order to identify the characteristics associated with vulnerability across the two periods. Amongst those most vulnerable during the crisis were, less educated individuals living in urban areas, in households containing greater numbers of pensioners. Furthermore, we found that increases in home production and help from relatives acted to decrease vulnerability, especially amongst those suffering the largest changes in consumption. Following the crisis, amongst the least vulnerable were, better educated individuals, resident in urban areas, able to increase home production, and in receipt of improved pension payments and child benefits.
This issue of the series «Modern Education Analytics» examines trends in changes in wages, employment and income of employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. This publication reviews the dynamics of the average salary of teaching staff of educational organizations at all levels of education. Special attention is paid to the study of the purchasing power of the average salary of teachers of educational organizations by level of education as a key characteristic of the success of reforms in the field of teachers’ remuneration, reflecting the satisfaction of teachers and changes in the status of teachers. The issue also presents proposals for improving the remuneration of teachers in the current conditions of transition to mixed learning technologies in education.
The paper examines the structure, governance, and balance sheets of state-controlled banks in Russia, which accounted for over 55 percent of the total assets in the country's banking system in early 2012. The author offers a credible estimate of the size of the country's state banking sector by including banks that are indirectly owned by public organizations. Contrary to some predictions based on the theoretical literature on economic transition, he explains the relatively high profitability and efficiency of Russian state-controlled banks by pointing to their competitive position in such functions as acquisition and disposal of assets on behalf of the government. Also suggested in the paper is a different way of looking at market concentration in Russia (by consolidating the market shares of core state-controlled banks), which produces a picture of a more concentrated market than officially reported. Lastly, one of the author's interesting conclusions is that China provides a better benchmark than the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe by which to assess the viability of state ownership of banks in Russia and to evaluate the country's banking sector.
The paper examines the principles for the supervision of financial conglomerates proposed by BCBS in the consultative document published in December 2011. Moreover, the article proposes a number of suggestions worked out by the authors within the HSE research team.