俄罗斯博士生教育：改革历程、发展趋势与现实挑战

Academic Degrees & Graduate Education. 2026.

Smirnov N., Terentev E., Zhuchkova S., Nikitin M.

博士生教育在全球创新体系与经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用，各国持续推进博士生教育改革，以扩大高层次人才供给并提升培养质量。俄罗斯拥有全球规模最大的博士生培养体系之一，其博士生教育模式不仅在国际博士生教育发展格局中具有重要影响，也深刻影响了众多后社会主义国家博士生教育体系的发展路径。本文系统分析了1991年至2020年俄罗斯博士生教育改革的历程与成效。研究发现，一方面，俄罗斯博士生教育的发展呈现出博士生群体多元化、学位授予机构自主权提升等国际趋势；另一方面，它仍保留了鲜明的制度传统，主要表现为培养目标学术化、学位类型与培养模式单一、单一导师制、培养过程结构化程度较低以及教育资源高度集中等特征。国际发展趋势与本国制度传统的交织，使俄罗斯博士生教育改革呈现出显著的路径依赖特征。由此，当前的改革面临着培养经费不足、学术支持体系薄弱，以及未能有效回应博士生多样化入学动机和职业发展需求等问题。

 

Doctoral education plays a pivotal role in the innovative social and economic development across the globe. National governments make significant efforts to increase the quantity of doctoral graduates and enhance the quality of doctoral training. This paper aims to analyse the history and effects of doctoral education reforms in post-Soviet Russia. This analysis seems important because the Russian system of doctoral education is among the top-ten largest in the world and has strong historical connections with the systems of doctoral education in other post-socialist countries. In our analysis we show that the development of doctoral education in post-Soviet Russia followed some global trends such as diversification of the doctoral student body and increase in the institutional autonomy of organizations eligible to award doctoral degrees. However, it also has some specific characteristics, such as a strong academic orientation of doctoral programs with no differentiation of academic degrees and training models, the prevalence of individual supervision models with less structured approach to the doctoral training, and the overconcentration of doctoral students at leading universities. This mixture of global trends and national specifics produces the set of main challenges for the enhancement of doctoral education: financial barriers for high-quality doctoral training, the lack of academic support for doctoral students, and insensitivity to take into account different motivations to enter doctoral programs.

Keywords: аспирантура, academic degree, реформы высшего образования и науки, higher education reforms, doctoral supervision, Russian doctoral education, профессиональные степени, doctoral education, научное руководство в аспирантуре

Publication based on the results of: Трансформация аспирантуры в Китае и России (2026)