The materials of The International Scientific – Practical Conference is presented below.

The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

This book examines how Russia, the world’s most complicated country, is governed. As it resumes its place at the centre of global affairs, the book explores Russia’s overarching strategies, and how it organizes itself (or not) in policy areas ranging from foreign policy and national security to health care, education, immigration, science, sport, agriculture, the environment and criminal justice. The book also discusses the structures and institutions on which Russia relies in order to deliver its goals in these areas of national life, as well as what’s to be done, in policy terms, to improve the country’s performance in its first post-Soviet century. Edited by Irvin Studin, the book includes contributions from a tremendous list of Russia’s leading thinkers and specialists, including Alexei Kudrin, Vladimir Mau, Alexander Auzan, Simon Kordonsky, Fyodor Lukyanov, Natalia Zubarevich and Andrey Melville.

The materials of The International Scientific – Practical Conference is presented below. The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

The piblication provides the key lessons learnt from DDPP project experience on designing long-term pathways of low carbon development for 16 world largest economies. The Paris Climate Agreement requires countries to build their concrete vision of the national low-emission transition, consistent with global climate goals that would widely shared by domestic stakeholders and explicitly articulated with domestic socio-economic priorities. We analyze the experience of USA, France, Germany, Russia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, UK, Mexico, Canada, Italy, Brazil in projecting the deep decarbonization scenarios for their economies by 2050.

This volume discusses post-socialist urban transport functioning and development in Russia, within the context of the country’s recent transition towards a market economy. Over the past twenty-five years, urban transport in Russia has undergone serious transformations, prompted by the transitioning economy. Yet, the lack of readily available statistical data has led to a gap in the inclusion of Russia in the body of international transport economics research. By including ten chapters of original, cutting-edge research by Russian transport scholars, this book will close that gap. Discussing topics such as the relationship between urban spatial structure and travel behavior in post-soviet cities, road safety, trends and reforms in urban public transport development, transport planning and modelling, and the role of institutions in post-soviet transportation management, this book provides a comprehensive survey of the current state of transportation in Russia. The book concludes with a forecast for future travel development in Russia and makes recommendations for future policy. This book will be of interest to researchers in transportation economics and policy as well as policy makers and those working in the field of urban and transport planning. 

The materials of The Third International Scientific-Practical Conference is presented below. The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

Digest of Conference materials is presented in 3 parts. It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

The materials of The Third International Scientific-Practical Conference is presented below. The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

Digest of Conference materials is presented in 3 parts. It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

The materials of The Third International Scientific-Practical Conference is presented below. The Conference reflects the modern state of innovation in education, science, industry and social-economic sphere, from the standpoint of introducing new information technologies.

Digest of Conference materials is presented in 3 parts. It is interesting for a wide range of researchers, teachers, graduate students and professionals in the field of innovation and information technologies.

The analysis presented of non-axisymmetrically deformed shells behaviour reveals the variety of shell features affecting not only critical loads but also postbuckling behaviour and structural workability as well. These features are profoundly con-nected, not with load and structural irregularities, but with properties of nonlinear solutions inherent to thin shells. Non-axisymmetric deformation of shells demonstrates significant subcritical deflections and the possibility of smooth transformations (rearrangements) of shapes (due to the existence of ‘‘energetically close’’ postcritical shapes) and following rapid development up to a limit point. Perturbations of load and structure manifest themselves diversely. If a pertur-bation induces shapes mismatching any of the postcritical ones (those produced by primary, secondary, or tertiary bifurcation paths), a certain drop of critical load may occur but the general branching pattern remains unchanged. If the defor-mation shape induced by a perturbation is similar to any postcritical one, reso-nance occurs, the bifurcation pattern of postcritical branches is disrupted, and the critical load drops significantly. In that case the structure is maximally sensitive to perturbation value. Perturbations of initially nonhomogeneous stress–strain states are generally insignificant due to already developed strong nonuniformity. An ideal bifurcation pattern is disrupted in the case of a continuous spectrum of perturbation or in presence of its harmonics resonant to postcritical shapes. If the subcritical and postcritical shapes are similar, then the sensitivity to any perturbation is minimal. Thus, the load-carrying capability of compressed shells developing non-axi-symmetric deformation is not directly determined by critical loads. Additional criteria of stress, strain and displacement limitation may be considered. On the other hand, local buckling may not affect the load-carrying capability in the case of existence of an adjacent ascending branch of a solution.

For multilayer structures, such perturbations as shell wall delamination may cause local buckling such as snap-off of a delaminated layer, i.e. a jump to an isolated branch of the solution. The existence domain of such a buckling form is determined by the size of the delaminated area only. This phenomenon illustrates the existence of general, local and mixed buckling modes with essentially different levels of critical loads; occurrence of some specific modes depends upon the type and value of perturbation.

This Study was prepared by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Russian Energy Agency (REA), and the United States Energy Association (USEA) under the framework of the U.S./Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission Energy Efficiency Working Group’s Russian/American Smart Grid Partnership Initiative. This study was designed to provide the Russian and American stakeholders with on overarching 360 degree perspective on the major impediments to Smart Grid deployment in the U.S. and Russia. The study doesn’t include recommendation; it only assesses the current barriers that prevent smart grid technology deployment in the United States and Russia. It is organized into two parallel sections, one focusing on the impediments to smart grid technology deployment in the United States and the other on the impediments to its deployment in Russia. A common analytical framework for the study was jointly developed by the U.S. and Russian counterparts to ensure that the studies were parallel in their analyses and the impediments are divided into the following high level main Smart Grid related themes:  Smart Grid Concept  Markets  Efficiency  Cross-Subsidy  Generation  Consumer Participation  Behavioral Norms  Data & Analytics  Smart Grid Investment Environment  Education  Grid Modernization A parallel series of in-person interviews were conducted in the U.S. and Russia with relevant smart grid stakeholders including government agencies, regulatory officials, infrastructure companies, electric utilities, industry associations, market operators, and research institutions. The interviews ranged 2-3 hours in length. The subjects were informed in advance that their opinions were not for attribution, leading to a candid exchange of opinion. A customized questionnaire jointly developed by the Russian and American expert consulting teams was utilized during each stakeholder interview.

 

The influence of plastic deformation of low-carbon steel on birefringence of the shear waves birefringence is examined. Acoustic measurements show that the birefringence changes monotonously, while the intensity of the change decreases with increasing strain. Significant reduction of the birefringence is found to indicate that the capability to plastic deformation has been largely used. In order to explain the experimental results, computer simulations of the crystallographic texture of a polycrystalline material, and its change during plastic deformation, have been carried out. It has been found that internal stresses due to the presence of mesodefects, accumulating at grain boundaries, have a significant effect on the crystallographic texture and the birefringence. Thus, this effect allows one condition monitoring of a plastically deformed low-carbon steels under plastic deformation.

The influence of thermal processing on the potential energy, atomic structure, and mechanical properties of metallic glasses is examined using molecular dynamics simulations. We study the three-dimensional binary mixture, which was first relaxed near the glass transition temperature, and then rapidly cooled deep into the glass phase.  It was found that glasses prepared at higher annealing temperatures are relocated to higher energy states and their average glass structure remains more disordered, as reflected in the shape of the pair correlation function. The results of mechanical testing demonstrate that both the shear modulus and yielding peak increase significantly when the annealing temperature approaches $T_g$ from above. Moreover, the shear modulus becomes a strong function of strain rate only for samples equilibrated at sufficiently high temperatures. Based on the spatial distribution of nonaffine displacements, we show that the deformation mode changes from brittle to ductile upon increasing annealing temperature.  These results can be useful for the design and optimization of the fabrication processes of bulk glassy alloys with improved plasticity.

Residual stresses arising in the drawing process have a significant impact on the quality of the cold-drawn wire. Knowledge of residual stresses and their distribution makes it possible to predict the behavior of metal products under operating loads and to prevent their possible destruction. In this regard, it is necessary to adjust the main parameters of the drawing process, including the geometry of the die channel. The work is devoted to the study of residual stresses arising from inhomogeneity of plastic deformation depending on the reduction value and the die angle. Computer simulation of wire drawing process by finite element method is performed. The distributions of residual stress tensor components along the wire radius are calculated for different values of reduction and die angle. The analysis of the obtained relations is carried out. The influence of the die angle on the distribution of residual stresses is most noticeable at small reductions. After the maximum values of residual stresses are reached at the reduction values of 35-40%, they noticeable decrease occurs.

Superplastic Forming is an industrial process to produce thin-walled products of complex shape. At the same time this process allows one to obtain the products with close to uniform thickness distribution. The process exploits the abilities of some polycrystalline materials to large elongations before failure. The best formability can be achieved only under very specific conditions of temperature and strain rate. In order to calculate the pressure regime to sustain target strain rate in critical arias it is necessary to use finite element simulation. The pressure regime calculation lasts for a day’s especially while 3 dimensional elements are use. To reduce the time of calculation it is possible to use elements from membrane theory. The main idea of this approach is to use planar elements instead of tetrahedronal for 3D tasks or 2 nodes elements instead of triangular ones for axisymmetric tasks. This reduction doesn’t take in account share stress accruing into material. The main aim of this paper is to study the effect of elements type on the accuracy of thickness distribution prognosis.

This article is devoted to the study of auxetic properties of Cosserat hexagonal lattices composed of finite-sized particles with complex connections. The description of complex connections is given; their mathematical model is elaborated and the properties are studied. The introduction of complex connections enables one varying their structure and component parameters. Due to that there arise possibilities for both simulation of nonchiral lattices with symmetrical bonds and with a chiral microstructure and construction of lattices with desired properties. The discrete and micropolar equations of the lattice are obtained. As a result, the macroparameters are expressed in terms of the lattice microparameters. The dependence of the Poisson’s ratio on the lattice microparameters is obtained. It allows finding and analyzing parameters, for which the lattice possesses auxetic properties. The importance of rotational degrees of freedom of particles and chirality for the appearance of auxetic properties is shown. For verification, the results of the calculation of the Poisson’s ratio obtained on the basis of theoretically obtained relations are compared with the results of numerical simulation of the stretching of the lattice.

Determining a desirable strain rate-temperature range for superplasticity and elongation-to-failure are critical concerns during the prediction of superplastic forming processes in α + β titanium-based alloys. This paper studies the superplastic deformation behaviour and related microstructural evolution of conventionally processed sheets of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a strain rate range of 10–5–10–2 s–1 and a temperature range of 750–900 °C. Thermo-Calc calculation and microstructural analysis of the as-annealed samples were done in order to determine the α/β ratio and the grain size of the phases prior to the superplastic deformation. The strain rate ranges, which corresponds to the superplastic behaviour with strain rate sensitivity index m ˃ 0.3, are identified by step-by-step decreasing strain rate tests for various temperatures. Results of the uniaxial isothermal tensile tests at a constant strain rate range of 3 × 10−4–3 × 10−3 s−1 and a temperature range of 800–900 °C are presented and discussed. The experimental stress-strain data are utilized to construct constitutive models, with the purpose of predicting the flow stress behaviour of this alloy. The cross-validation approach is used to examine the predictability of the constructed models. The models exhibit excellent approximation and predictability of the flow behaviour of the studied alloy. Strain-induced changes in the grain structure are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. Particular attention is paid to the comparison between the deformation behaviour and the microstructural evolution at 825 °C and 875 °C. Maximum elongation-to-failure of 635% and low residual cavitation were observed after a strain of 1.8 at 1 × 10−3 s−1 and 825 °C. This temperature provides 23 ± 4% β phase and a highly stable grain structure of both phases. The optimum deformation temperature obtained for the studied alloy is 825 °C, which is considered a comparatively low deformation temperature for the studied Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

At the present, the actual task is using 3D printers for the manufacture of certain objects with a given level of price / quality ratio. In many cases, it is economically feasible to use a low cost 3D printer. Therefore, it is necessary to have models that predict and classify the printing quality of such printers. The work has involved the development and assembly of a low cost 3D printer. For this purpose, the creation of geometric models of the component parts and the printer itself was carried out, and engineering calculations and optimization of the received designs were performed. It has been developed a printer control system. An experiment was conducted to produce cubes with different printing parameters on such printer. Based on regression analysis, linear and logistic regressions were constructed. Linear regression will allow to assess the quality level of the result depending on the printing parameters, and the logistic regression will allow to classify and predict the probability of manufacturing objects with a given quality level. The influence of each of the print parameters on the quality and result of the classification was analyzed.

We study the effect of periodic, spatially uniform temperature variation on mechanical properties and structural relaxation of amorphous alloys using molecular dynamics simulations. The disordered material is modeled via a non-additive binary mixture, which is annealed from the liquid to the glassy state with various cooling rates and then either aged at constant temperature or subjected to thermal treatment. We found that in comparison to aged samples, thermal cycling with respect to a reference temperature of approximately half the glass transition temperature leads to more relaxed states with lower levels of potential energy.  The largest energy decrease was observed for rapidly quenched glasses cycled with the thermal amplitude slightly smaller than the reference temperature. Following the thermal treatment, the mechanical properties were probed via uniaxial tensile strain at the reference temperature and constant pressure.  The numerical results indicate an inverse correlation between the levels of potential energy and values of the elastic modulus and yield stress as a function of the thermal amplitude.

Typical configurations of broken dislocation boundaries formed during plastic deformation at faceted grain boundaries have been analyzed. The reasons for their formation have been determined. It has been shown that the shape and sizes of strain-induced broken dislocation boundaries can be determined by the geometry of a faceted boundary and the relevant slip systems of lattice dislocations. The calculations carried out in the framework of the 2D model make it possible to explain the morphology of the observed broken dislocation boundaries.

The intransitive cycle of superiority is characterized by such binary relations between A, B, and C that A is superior to B, B is superior to C, and C is superior to A (i.e., A>B>C>A—in contrast with transitive relations A>B>C). The first part of the article presents a brief review of studies of intransitive cycles in various disciplines (mathematics, biology, sociology, logical games, decision theory, etc.), and their reflections in educational materials. The second part of the article introduces the issue of intransitivity in elementary physics. We present principles of building mechanical intransitive devices in correspondence with the structure of the Condorcet paradox, and describe five intransitive devices: intransitive gears; levers; pulleys, wheels, and axles; wedges; inclined planes. Each of the mechanisms are constructed as compositions of simple machines and show paradoxical intransitivity of relations such as “to rotate faster than”, “to lift”, “to be stronger than” in some geometrical constructions. The article is an invitation to develop teaching materials and problems advancing the understanding of transitivity and intransitivity in various areas, including physics education.

Despite the success of many countries in increasing energy saving and energy efficiency, the global energy consumption is expected to continue its growth. The main reasons are economic development and population growth happening primarily in developing and emerging economies, especially in India and China. In such circumstances fossil fuels will remain the dominant energy source in the medium and even long run. The present research paper aims at analyzing the current global trends in the energy sector identified through literature review and expert tools, and their influence on Russia. Considering a broad range of factors, the paper determined the following main challenges for the Russian energy sector: tightening competition at international energy markets, the need for comprehensive modernization and stronger energy efficiency measures, the need for technological catch-up in a number of energy sector segments, the need to increase recovery factor at traditional oilfields, and the need to diversify energy mix by increasing the share of renewables. The paper also considers the main rationale for the last challenge that include strengthened security, reliability and sustainability of the Russian energy sector. Among the key preconditions for advancements in renewable energy are improvements in investment climate, modernisation of the central grid and changes in energy policy. The paper is based on the outcomes of the first stage of the Foresight project devoted to renewable energy technologies.

The paper is devoted to the issue of smart power system cost-benefit analysis. The innovative character of smart grids is defined and related obstacles for traditional cost-benefit assessment are revealed, primarily referred to external effects evaluation. Brief systematization of existing methods of smart grids assessment is provided and their weak points are defined. A new Smart Grid cost-benefit assessment approach is presented, basing on the elaborated comprehensive system of smart power system effects. The approach is tested for the system effects of smart power system implementation in the Russian Unified Energy System, quantitative results are presented.

Liberalization of regional public transport market in Russia has led to continuing decline of service quality. One of the main results of the liberalization is the emergence of inefficient spatial structures of regional public transport systems in Russian regions. While the problem of optimization of urban public transport system has been extensively studied, the structure of regional public transport system has been referred less often. The question is whether the problems of spatial structure are common for regional and public transportation systems, and if this is the case, whether the techniques developed for urban public transport planning and management are applicable to regional networks. The analysis of the regional public transport system in Perm Krai has shown that the problems of cities and regions are very similar. On this evidence the proposals were made in order to employ urban practice for the optimization of regional public transport system. The detailed program was developed for Perm Krai which can be later on adapted for other regions.