Article
Simulating the Heat Conduction and Diffusion Processes in Methods for Generating and Processing Materials with Using Intense Energy Sources
A semiphenomenological model of the transport processes under the action of power energy sources is proposed. To explain the observed deviations of the linear system response to an external perturbation in the transport processes induced by intense energy fluxes, it is proposed to take into account the effect of inertia of the medium. The semiphenomenological model of processes is reduced to a system with two basis states. The techniques of the theory of microscopic objects for the solution of the system are applied. It is shown that the inertia of the medium is due to the finite time of establishing the equilibrium between the basis states.
Phenomenological model of temperature field evolution and effect of the relaxation processes caused by thermally activated defects and inertia of the medium on the thermal conductivity of solids under the action of intense energy flows is presented
In this paper the numerical simulation of surfactant dynamics in the topographically trapped long waves over a cylindrical shelf is described. Numerical modeling is based on the balance equation of the surface concentration. The dynamics of impurities was considered in the advection - diffusion - relaxation model. The comparison of different models of the shelf: endless slope, shelf - step concave exponential shelf has been made. It was established that the transverse bottom topography does not signifi cantly affect the geometry of the distribution of the pellicle, but it has an impact on the quantitative parameters of concentration. The infl uence of the number of mode on the concentration level for various models of the shelf was studied. The growth of the modes number increases the derivative concentration extremes from the equilibrium level.
This classic survey considers passive scalar and vector transport processes in a random nonstationary medium, which are described by linear parabolic equations. Integration over random paths is used, along with the asymptotic behavior of the product of a large number of independent identically distributed random matrices. The most interesting effect is the appearance of concentrated structures (intermittency) of a smooth initial distribution of the transported quantity. The occurrence of intermittent distributions in the linear problem is due to the fact that the coefficients of the transport equation are stochastic. The intermittency shows itself in the rates of exponential growth of the successive moments (Lyapunov exponents) as the moment number increases. Moment equations are obtained for the scalar and vector, and are used to study temperature evolution and magnetic-field generation in a random fluid flow. These equations are differential in a medium with short time correlations and integral in the general case. The range of application of the diffusion description is analyzed. The behavior of the diffusion coefficients in the case of time reversal is examined. The properties of an individual realization of a scalar and vector are also explained, and a dynamo theorem is given on the exponential growth of the magnetic field in a random flow with renewal.
Relaxation time is one of the most significant aspects of market liquidity. We study estimates of relaxation time of the limit order market after a shock triggered by sudden movement of price, large trade or news. We also provide formal definition of a shock on order-driven market.
Cooling of tokamak boundary plasma owing to radiation of non-fully stripped lithium ions is considered as a promising way for protection of plasma facing elements (PFE) in tokamak. It may be effectively realized when the main part of lithium ions are involved in the closed circuit of migration between plasma and PFE surface. Such an approach may be implemented with the use of lithium device whose hot (500-600 °C) area to be effected by plasma serves as a Li-emitter and the cold part (∼180 °C) as a Li-collector in the shadow. Capillary-pore system (CPS) provides the returning of collected and condensed lithium to emitting zone by capillary forces. The main goals of the last T-11M lithium experiments were investigating Li ions transport in the tokamak scrape of layer (SOL) and their collecting by different kinds of limiters. The design of devices based on lithium CPS with different ratio of emitting/collecting area is the main subject of this paper. © 2015 The Authors.
A model for organizing cargo transportation between two node stations connected by a railway line which contains a certain number of intermediate stations is considered. The movement of cargo is in one direction. Such a situation may occur, for example, if one of the node stations is located in a region which produce raw material for manufacturing industry located in another region, and there is another node station. The organization of freight traffic is performed by means of a number of technologies. These technologies determine the rules for taking on cargo at the initial node station, the rules of interaction between neighboring stations, as well as the rule of distribution of cargo to the final node stations. The process of cargo transportation is followed by the set rule of control. For such a model, one must determine possible modes of cargo transportation and describe their properties. This model is described by a finite-dimensional system of differential equations with nonlocal linear restrictions. The class of the solution satisfying nonlocal linear restrictions is extremely narrow. It results in the need for the “correct” extension of solutions of a system of differential equations to a class of quasi-solutions having the distinctive feature of gaps in a countable number of points. It was possible numerically using the Runge–Kutta method of the fourth order to build these quasi-solutions and determine their rate of growth. Let us note that in the technical plan the main complexity consisted in obtaining quasi-solutions satisfying the nonlocal linear restrictions. Furthermore, we investigated the dependence of quasi-solutions and, in particular, sizes of gaps (jumps) of solutions on a number of parameters of the model characterizing a rule of control, technologies for transportation of cargo and intensity of giving of cargo on a node station.
Let k be a field of characteristic zero, let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over k and let g be its Lie algebra. Let k(G), respectively, k(g), be the field of k- rational functions on G, respectively, g. The conjugation action of G on itself induces the adjoint action of G on g. We investigate the question whether or not the field extensions k(G)/k(G)^G and k(g)/k(g)^G are purely transcendental. We show that the answer is the same for k(G)/k(G)^G and k(g)/k(g)^G, and reduce the problem to the case where G is simple. For simple groups we show that the answer is positive if G is split of type A_n or C_n, and negative for groups of other types, except possibly G_2. A key ingredient in the proof of the negative result is a recent formula for the unramified Brauer group of a homogeneous space with connected stabilizers. As a byproduct of our investigation we give an affirmative answer to a question of Grothendieck about the existence of a rational section of the categorical quotient morphism for the conjugating action of G on itself.
Let G be a connected semisimple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k. In 1965 Steinberg proved that if G is simply connected, then in G there exists a closed irreducible cross-section of the set of closures of regular conjugacy classes. We prove that in arbitrary G such a cross-section exists if and only if the universal covering isogeny Ĝ → G is bijective; this answers Grothendieck's question cited in the epigraph. In particular, for char k = 0, the converse to Steinberg's theorem holds. The existence of a cross-section in G implies, at least for char k = 0, that the algebra k[G]G of class functions on G is generated by rk G elements. We describe, for arbitrary G, a minimal generating set of k[G]G and that of the representation ring of G and answer two Grothendieck's questions on constructing generating sets of k[G]G. We prove the existence of a rational (i.e., local) section of the quotient morphism for arbitrary G and the existence of a rational cross-section in G (for char k = 0, this has been proved earlier); this answers the other question cited in the epigraph. We also prove that the existence of a rational section is equivalent to the existence of a rational W-equivariant map T- - - >G/T where T is a maximal torus of G and W the Weyl group.