Article
Assessment of service quality for complex technical devices based on the Jaynes’ information principle
The Jaynes’ information principle (formalism) advanced for the solution of problems of statistical thermodynamics is applied to the solution of a task of assessing the fairness of a contractor who carries out restoration work on a technical system by the method of replacing elements.
The task is the following. The customer possesses a fleet of similar technical devices (for example, cars) certain elements of which are subject to planned replacement. According to the contract, such replacements are carried out by a contractor. Spare elements of three types can be used: new original, new non-original and restored elements. The contract specifies what percentage of spare elements of each type may be used. It is difficult for the customer to check what type of element has been applied. However, for an element of each type it is possible to calculate the average time before the next replacement will be required. The actual average time between requirements for replacement is fixed by the customer.
Based on these data and with the help of Jaynes’ information principle, it is possible to find the most objective probabilities of using elements of the various types. Having compared these probabilities with restrictions specified in the contract, the customer draws a conclusion about the fairness of the contractor and, if necessary, takes appropriate action. According to Jaynes’ principle, the most objective are probabilities for which entropy according to Shannon reaches a maximum under the set of restrictions. Respectively, the problem of finding their probabilities is simplified to a problem of finding the maximum nonlinear function under the set of restrictions. In this article, the task is formulated mathematically and solved for a case of three variables using the Lagrange method. Calculations for a real situation from the author’s practice are given.
Described approach delivers opportunities for unstructured information utilization in order to increase efficiency of innovation in education activity for separate tutors, science workers, professors and for scholarship, university as a whole for creating and automation of innovative process and therefore for maximization of ROI (return on investments) in universities intellectual and social capital. As a result, virtual community with a multiple content centres is created presenting a prototype of intellectual neural network with distributed association nodes. These nodes are formed during non-standard educational process similar to brainstorming where participants have quite different knowledge levels and limitation due to ‘traditional thinking’, for example, classical seminar in auditorium in parallel with webinar. In this process all steps except final (gathering of experts) are human non-dependant, what increase efficiency of this process in general.
This is the first book on the U.S. presidential election system to analyze the basic principles underlying the design of the existing system and those at the heart of competing proposals for improving the system. The book discusses how the use of some election rules embedded in the U.S. Constitution and in the Presidential Succession Act may cause skewed or weird election outcomes and election stalemates. The book argues that the act may not cover some rare though possible situations which the Twentieth Amendment authorizes Congress to address. Also, the book questions the constitutionality of the National Popular Vote Plan to introduce a direct popular presidential election de facto, without amending the Constitution, and addresses the plan’s “Achilles’ Heel.” In particular, the book shows that the plan may violate the Equal Protection Clause from the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Numerical examples are provided to show that the counterintuitive claims of the NPV originators and proponents that the plan will encourage presidential candidates to “chase” every vote in every state do not have any grounds. Finally, the book proposes a plan for improving the election system by combining at the national level the “one state, one vote” principle – embedded in the Constitution – and the “one person, one vote” principle. Under this plan no state loses its current Electoral College benefits while all the states gain more attention of presidential candidates.
The present manual is written on the basis of the course on inductive logic which is delivered in English to philosophy students of National Research University Higher School of Economics. The manual describes the main approaches to constructing inductive logic; it clarifies its key notions and rules, and it formulates its major problems. This introductory text can be useful for all readers who are interested in contemporary inductive logic.
The controversial question of how J.M. Keyness early philosophical ideas influenced the essence and the method of his economic works, first and foremost The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money is under consideration in a broad historical context. Intellectual sources, basic ideas and concepts of Keyness logic of probability are presented in brief as well as major criticism of Keyness view.
Probability and statistics are as much about intuition and problem solving as they are about theorem proving. Consequently,
students can find it difficult to make a successful transition from lectures, to examinations, to practice because the problems
involved can vary so much in nature. Since the subject is critical in so many applications, from insurance, to telecommunications,
to bioinformatics, the authors have collected more than 200 worked examples to help the students develop a deep
understanding of the subject rather than a superficial knowledge of sophisticated theories. With amusing stories and
historical asides sprinkled thoughout, this enjoyable book will leave students better equipped to solve problems in practice
and under exam conditions.
A model for organizing cargo transportation between two node stations connected by a railway line which contains a certain number of intermediate stations is considered. The movement of cargo is in one direction. Such a situation may occur, for example, if one of the node stations is located in a region which produce raw material for manufacturing industry located in another region, and there is another node station. The organization of freight traffic is performed by means of a number of technologies. These technologies determine the rules for taking on cargo at the initial node station, the rules of interaction between neighboring stations, as well as the rule of distribution of cargo to the final node stations. The process of cargo transportation is followed by the set rule of control. For such a model, one must determine possible modes of cargo transportation and describe their properties. This model is described by a finite-dimensional system of differential equations with nonlocal linear restrictions. The class of the solution satisfying nonlocal linear restrictions is extremely narrow. It results in the need for the “correct” extension of solutions of a system of differential equations to a class of quasi-solutions having the distinctive feature of gaps in a countable number of points. It was possible numerically using the Runge–Kutta method of the fourth order to build these quasi-solutions and determine their rate of growth. Let us note that in the technical plan the main complexity consisted in obtaining quasi-solutions satisfying the nonlocal linear restrictions. Furthermore, we investigated the dependence of quasi-solutions and, in particular, sizes of gaps (jumps) of solutions on a number of parameters of the model characterizing a rule of control, technologies for transportation of cargo and intensity of giving of cargo on a node station.
Event logs collected by modern information and technical systems usually contain enough data for automated process models discovery. A variety of algorithms was developed for process models discovery, conformance checking, log to model alignment, comparison of process models, etc., nevertheless a quick analysis of ad-hoc selected parts of a journal still have not get a full-fledged implementation. This paper describes an ROLAP-based method of multidimensional event logs storage for process mining. The result of the analysis of the journal is visualized as directed graph representing the union of all possible event sequences, ranked by their occurrence probability. Our implementation allows the analyst to discover process models for sublogs defined by ad-hoc selection of criteria and value of occurrence probability
The geographic information system (GIS) is based on the first and only Russian Imperial Census of 1897 and the First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union of 1926. The GIS features vector data (shapefiles) of allprovinces of the two states. For the 1897 census, there is information about linguistic, religious, and social estate groups. The part based on the 1926 census features nationality. Both shapefiles include information on gender, rural and urban population. The GIS allows for producing any necessary maps for individual studies of the period which require the administrative boundaries and demographic information.
Existing approaches suggest that IT strategy should be a reflection of business strategy. However, actually organisations do not often follow business strategy even if it is formally declared. In these conditions, IT strategy can be viewed not as a plan, but as an organisational shared view on the role of information systems. This approach generally reflects only a top-down perspective of IT strategy. So, it can be supplemented by a strategic behaviour pattern (i.e., more or less standard response to a changes that is formed as result of previous experience) to implement bottom-up approach. Two components that can help to establish effective reaction regarding new initiatives in IT are proposed here: model of IT-related decision making, and efficiency measurement metric to estimate maturity of business processes and appropriate IT. Usage of proposed tools is demonstrated in practical cases.
The manual is intended for students of Department of computer engineering MIEM HSE. In the textbook based on the courses "Economics of firm" and "the development strategy of the organization." Discusses the key conceptual and methodological issues of the theory and practice of Economics and development planning of the organization. The use of textbooks will enable students: to analyze key performance indicators, and use the tools of strategic analysis with reference to concrete situations in contemporary Russian and international business. Special attention is paid to the methods and systems of information support of the life support functions of business organizations and management methodology of innovation and investment. An Appendix contains source data for analysis of competition in a particular industry.
The paper provides a number of proposed draft operational guidelines for technology measurement and includes a number of tentative technology definitions to be used for statistical purposes, principles for identification and classification of potentially growing technology areas, suggestions on the survey strategies and indicators. These are the key components of an internationally harmonized framework for collecting and interpreting technology data that would need to be further developed through a broader consultation process. A summary of definitions of technology already available in OECD manuals and the stocktaking results are provided in the Annex section.
Over the last two decades national policy makers drew special attention to the implementation of policy tools which foster international cooperation in the fields of science, technology, and innovation. In this paper, we look at cases of Russian-German collaboration to examine the initiatives of the Russian government aimed at stimulating the innovation activity of domestic corporations and small and medium enterprises. The data derived from the interviews with companies’ leaders show positive effects of bilateral innovative projects on the overall business performance alongside with major barriers hindering international cooperation. To overcome these barriers we provide specific suggestions relevant to the recently developed Russian Innovation Strategy 2020.